Unit 9 Flashcards
Rule of Three (a human can live)
3 minutes without oxygen
3 days without water
3 weeks without food
Longest lived without water
Andreas Mihavecz, Austrian brick layer, put in custody, locked in basement cell for 18 days, survived by licking condensed water from the walls
Average person uses how many gallons of water per day?
100 gallons
Most household water is used for outdoor/indoor purposes?
Outdoor
As far as residential uses of water, what takes up the most water use?
Agriculture (meat production)
Finished Water
Water that leaves the utility plant treated and read for use (drinking, showering)
Difference between source water and surface water
Source water encompasses all bodies of water that can be used to supply fresh water for human use (rivers, streams lakes, aquifers)
Surface water is a specific type that exists on the Earth’s surface such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. It is one of the two main types of water sources, the other being groundwater found in aquifers. Surface water typically requires more filtration than ground water
Aquifer
Layer or section of earth or rock that constrains freshwater, water is held in interconnected pores
What is our aquifer?
Biscayne Aquifer, made out of limestone (an extremely. porous mineral)
Problems for Groundwater
Can have substantial contamination from insects, macro-organisms, algae, pathogens, chemicals
Nearly 50% of the world’s lakes in Canada
Freshwater lakes
Lowest waterbody on Earth
The Dead Sea
Explain fresh to salty process
Process of desalination (aimed to get freshwater from areas with abundant seawater)
Glaciers and icecaps cover about _ % of the world’s landmass, contain _ % of the freshwater
10,70
World’s largest wetland
West Siberian Lowland
Lacustrine
Lake
Palustrine
Marsh
Approximately what percent of water is freshwater?
3%
Four Stages of Water Treatment
- Coagulation - removes suspended materials
- Sedimentation - causes heavy particles to settle to bottom of tanks for collection
- Filtration - removes smaller particles
- Disinfection - kills bacteria or microorganisms
What methods are used to remove pathogens from drinking water?
Filtration, disinfection, boiling, uv light, wetlands, reverse osmosis
Enteric protozoal parasites
Single-celled Protozoa organisms that cause diseases range from asymptomatic infection to severe life-threatening diarrhea
Bacterial enteropathogens
Bacteria that cause infections of the GI tract leading to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramping, and a general feeling of tiredness
What type of disease is campylobacter?
Bacteria
What type of disease is cryptosporidium?
Parasite
What type of disease is e.coli?
Bacteria
What type of disease is Hepatitis A?
Virus
What type of disease is shigella?
Bacteria
What type of disease is cholera?
Bacteria
What type of disease is guinea worm?
Parasite
What type of disease is legionnaires?
Bacteria
How do you get campylobacter?
Eating raw or undercooked food, contact with animals, drinking untreated water
Most common bacterial cause of diarrheal illness in the United States + frequency
Campylobacter, 20 cases diagnosed each year for every 100,000 people
How does one acquire the disease of cryptosporidium?
Millions of Crypto parasites can be released in a bowel movement from an infected human or animal; you can become infected after accidentally swallowing the parasite
What is good anti-diarrheal medicine?
Nitazoxanide
What is a common food source that leads to e.coli?
Lettuce
What disease does Hepatitis A cause?
Liver infection
What is a defining symptom of Hepatitis A?
Jaundice
Each year, an estimated ____ people get cholera
1.3 to 4 million
Where do people get guinea worm from?
Transmitted by drinking unfiltered water from ponds and other stagnant surface water sources
What treatments exist for guinea worm diseases?
No drug or vaccine
How does Legionnaires spread?
It grows and multiplies in a building water system, so water containing can spread in droplets small enough for people to breathe in
Where was Legionella discovered?
In 1976 among people who went to a Philadelphia convention of the American legion, 10k cases reported in 2018
PPCPs
Pharmaceutical and personal care products are a source of water contamination
DBPs
Water disinfection byproducts which are associated with THMs (which are among the most common and widely measured DBPs)
Consequences of DBPs
Adverse pregnancy outcomes
Chlorine is associated with _____
THMs
