Chapter 5 Part 2 Flashcards
Four main symptoms of arboviral diseases
- Acute CNS
- Acute benign fevers
- Hemorrhagic fevers
- Polyarthiritis/rash
Agent of arboviral encephalitides
Encephalitis virus
Vector of arboviral encephalitis
Mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods
What is the reservoir of arboviral encephalitis?
Wild birds and small animals
Symptoms of arboviral encephalitis
Most people are asymptomatic, however 5-10% get inflammation of brain, spinal cord, and meninges
Agent of West Nile virus
Flavivirus
Reservoir of West Nile virus
Birds
Vector of West Nile virus
Mosquitoes (Culex)
Symptomatic percentages of West Nile
Most get no symptoms, 1 in 5 develop fever and other systems, 1 in 150 develop a serious, sometimes, fatal illness
Which viruses have a vaccine?
Equine for arboviral, dengue, ebola, rift valley fever, rabies, anthrax
Define emerging zoonoses.
Zoonotic diseases caused by new or known agents occurring in locales or species that previously did not appear to be affected by those known agents
Factors associated with the rise of emerging zoonoses
- Ecological changes that result from agricultural practices (deforestation, conversion of grasslands, irrigation)
- Other factors such as change in human population and behavior
Causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Bunyaviridae virus
Vector of Hantavrius
Rodents, transmitted when airborne urine and droppings from infected rodents are inhaled
Main host of hantavirus
Deer mouse
Agent of dengue fever
Flaviviruses
Vector for dengue fever
Aedes aegypti mosquito
Where does dengue fever primarily occur?
Tropical areas
Reservoir for dengue fever
Monkeys
Three stages of dengue fever
Febrile phase (fever, headache), critical phase (hypotension, gastrointestinal bleeding), recovery phase (altered consciousness, seizure, coma, death)
Which of these is caused by bacteria?
Tularemia, anthrax, psittacosis
Zika vector
Mosquito (aedes species)
Reservoirs for zika
Monkeys, bats, domestic animals, rodents
Zika symptoms
Usually none, and if exist, mild such as fever, rash, headache, joint pain, red eyes, muscle pain
How can one get ebola? (3 ways)
Contact with blood, fluids from trained animal meat, or infected person
Reservoir for ebola
Monkeys, bats, non-human primates being most likely source
How many types of ebola?
6, of which only 4 are known to cause disease in people
Country where ebola was discovered
DRC
Ebola symptoms
Course typically progresses from “dry” (fever, aches, pains, fatigue) to “wet” (diarrhea, vomiting)
Anthrax agent
Bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis
How is anthrax transmitted?
Contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products
4 types of anthrax
- Cutaneous (group of small blisters or bumps that turn into ulcers, 5-20% fatality rate)
- Inhalation (fever and chills, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, tiredness)
- Gastrointestinal (bloody vomiting, bloody diarrhea, fever and chills, everything)
- Injection (group of small blisters that can create abscesses)
Treatment for anthrax
Antibiotics, antitoxins, continuous fluid drainage, mechanical ventilation
Example of anthrax bioterrorism
Dr. Bruce Ivins, in 2011, sent powdered anthrax spores in letters mailed through US postal system, causing 5 deaths and 22 infections
Agent of psittacosis
Chlamydia psittaci
Symptoms of psittacosis
Mild respiratory distress, pneumonia
Where is Rift Valley Fever most commonly seen?
Domesticated animals in sub-saharan Africa
How is Rift Valley fever spread?
Contact with blood, body fluids, tissues of infected animals, bites from infected mosuqitoes
Symptoms of Rift Valley Fever
Mostly no symptoms or mild illness, small percentage (8-10%) develop much more severe symptoms such as eye disease, hemorrhage, and encephalitis
How does monkey pox transmit?
Through broken skin, respiratory tract, or mucous membranes
