unit 9

Question 1

function of circulatory system

Answer 1

rapidly transport substances throughout the body

Question 2

arteries vs veins

Answer 2

arteries carry blood away from the heart. veins carry blood towards the heart.
artieries branch into network of arterioles and then to capillaries where exchange takes place

Question 3

vasoconstriction

Answer 3

contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessel. decreased the blood flow through vessels

Question 4

vasodilation

Answer 4

relaxation of smooth muscle which increases blood flow through the vessels

Question 5

how is blood distribution regulated in the body

Answer 5

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 6

what controls blood flow into into capillary beds

Answer 6

precapillary sphincters

Question 7

fish main gas exchange

Answer 7

gills

Question 8

single circulation

Answer 8

common in fish.
blood passes only once through the heart in a circuit.
all blood leaving the heart is pumped to the gills. blood is oxygenated in the capillaries of secondary lamellae, this is branchial circulation.
after leaving gills oxygenated blood flows to other tissues of the body. blood through through all of body but gas exchange surfaces is systemic circulation.

Question 9

tetrapod blood circuit

Answer 9

double circulation. blood leaves right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs. blood is oxygenated from capillaries (pulmonary circulation). from left side blood is pumped to all other parts of body.

Question 10

portal systems

Answer 10

cases where deoxygenated blood leaces a capillary bed and passes through a second capillary bed before returning to the heart

Question 11

hepatic portal system

Answer 11

blood is delivered directly from the lining of the digestive system to the liver

Question 12

branchial circulation

Answer 12

supplies the gills with blood.
blood is pumped from the heart into the ventral aorta, then into the aortic arches. in each aortic arch the afferent branchial artery delivers blood to the capillaries of the gills while the efferent branchial artery carries blood awat from the gills to the dorsal aorta

Question 13

in myxinoidea and petromyzontida what supplies the gills with blood

Answer 13

all of the aortic arches

Question 14

in chondrichthyes what supplies the gills with blood

Answer 14

aortic arches 2-7. oxygenated blood is supplied to the spiracle by a branch of the efferent portion of the aortic arch 2

Question 15

in actinopterygii what supplies the gills with blood

Answer 15

aortic arches 3,4,5,6

Question 16

anurans aortic arches 3,4,6

Answer 16

3 forms the carotid artery (supplies blood to head)
4 becomes the aortic arch
6 forms the pulmocutaneous arch which supplies blood to the lungs and skin

Question 17

sauropsid and mammal aortic arch 3,4,6

Answer 17

3 forms teh carotid artery which supplies blood to head
4 becomes the aortic arch
6 forms the pumocutaneous arhc which supplies blood to lungs and skin

Question 18

lepidosauria, testudinata, crocdillia aortic arch 4

Answer 18

forms both a right and left aorta.

Question 19

what separates chambers of the heart

Answer 19

one way valves

Question 20

myogenic heart

Answer 20

cardiac muscle cells can stimulate themselves to contract

sinus venosus is the fastest so it sets the rhythm

Question 21

chondrichthyes, sarcopterygii, amphibians chamber after ventricle

Answer 21

conus arteriosus.
contractile heart chamber composed of cardiac muscle
once the ventricle has contracted adn begins to relax then the conus arteriosus contracts which prolongs the period of blood flow

Question 22

petromyzontida and actinopterygii chamber after ventricle

Answer 22

bulbus ateriosus.
heart chamber composed of smooth muscle as well as collage and elastic fibres.
when the ventricle contracts the bulbus arteriosus stretches then slowly recoils gently squeezing blood into the ventral aorta.
this prolongs the period of blood flow and minimizes the pressure generated by the ventricle

Question 23

how many hearts does myxinoidea have

Answer 23

main one is branchial which consists of sinus venosus, atrium, and ventricle. pumps blood through the ventral aorta to the gills.
portal heart has one chamber. pumps blood through the hepatic portal vein into the liver.

Question 24

petromyzontida heart parts

Answer 24

sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus arteriosus

Question 25

chondrichthyes heart parts

Answer 25

sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus

Question 26

actinopterygii heart parts

Answer 26

sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus

Question 27

adult amphibians atrium

Answer 27

completely divided into right atrium and left atrium. deoxygenated blood returning from the systemic circulation enters the sinus venosus then the right atrium. oxygenated blood returning from the lungs enters the left atrium.

Question 28

lepidosauria and testudinata hearts

Answer 28

small sinus venosus that pumps blood into the right atrium. sinus venosus is the pacemaker

Question 29

archiosauria, crocodillians, birds ventricle

Answer 29

completely divided. no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Question 30

crocodillia controlling blood

Answer 30

crocdiles can control where they send their blood. right ventricle to the lung is normal, or systemic circulation (right to left cardiac shunt)

Question 31

foramen of panizza

Answer 31

crocodillia. in normal state the blod flows from the left ventricle through the foramen of panizza to the left aorta

Question 32

aves pace maker

Answer 32

tiny sinus venosus

Question 33

mammals sinus venosus

Answer 33

reduced to small patch of tissue in the wall of the right atrium. sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker of the heart.

Question 34

do mammals or sauropsids have a conus arteriosus as adults

Answer 34

no

Question 35

do birds of mammals mix oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

Answer 35

no

Question 36

does the right or left ventricle need to generate more force?

Answer 36

the left needs more force since it does systemic circulation whereas the right just does pulmonary

Question 37

pulmonary edema

Answer 37

blood pressure is too high in pulmonary arteries and fluid is forced out of the capillaries into the alveoli or capillaries.

Question 38

diving mammals have this to help maintain constant blood flow while diving

Answer 38

aortic bulb. it is elastic, non pumping enlargement of the aorta (systemic arch).