unit 6

Question 1

flexion

Answer 1

bend one part relative to anther. decreases angle

Question 2

extension

Answer 2

straighten one part relative to another. increase angle

Question 3

levator

Answer 3

raise a body part

Question 4

depressor

Answer 4

lower a body part

Question 5

adduction

Answer 5

move a body part towards the midline

Question 6

abduction

Answer 6

move a body part away from the midline

Question 7

protraction

Answer 7

project a body part away from its base. moving in anterior direction

Question 8

retraction

Answer 8

withdrawing a body part. moving in posterior direction

Question 9

embryonic orgin of skeletal muscle

Answer 9

myotome epimere mesoderm

Question 10

embryonic origin of cardiac and smooth muscle

Answer 10

splanchnic hypomere mesoderm

Question 11

embryonic origin of smooth muscle of some blood vessels and smooth muscle of internal organs

Answer 11

mesenchyme

Question 12

embryonic orgin of branchiomeric, hypobranchial, axial or appendicular

Answer 12

myotome epimere mesoderm

Question 13

what does myotome of the trunk develop

Answer 13

axial and appendicular muscles

Question 14

what does myotome of anterior somites develop

Answer 14

hypobranchial muscles

Question 15

what does myotome of somitomeres develop

Answer 15

branchoimeric muscles as well as extrinsic muscles of they eye

Question 16

where do branchiomeric muscles attach and what do they do

Answer 16

attach to the arches of the splanchoncranium and help form the muscular pharyngeal pump (pumps water over the gills of fish)

Question 17

in actinopterygii, chondrichthyes, and sarcopterygii what do branchiomeric muscles do

Answer 17

pump water over the gills and power the dual pump

Question 18

in amphibians what do the branchiomeric and hypobranchial muscles do

Answer 18

power the buccal force pump which ventilates the lungs with air

Question 19

in mammals what do the hyoid arch muscles do

Answer 19

form the muscles of the face

Question 20

in chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, and sarcopterygii what do hypobranchial muscles do

Answer 20

depress the lower jaw which opens the mouth

Question 21

in tetrapods what do hypobranchial muscles do

Answer 21

control the tongue

Question 22

in amphibians what do the hypobranchial muscles and branchiomeric muscles do

Answer 22

power the buccal force pump which ventillates the lungs with air

Question 23

propulsive stroke

Answer 23

foot contacts the ground, limb moves to anterior to posterior, propels the body forward

Question 24

recovery stroke

Answer 24

foot is lifted. limb moves from posterior to anterior, back into position for another propulsive stroke

Question 25

what taxa have sprawled limb posture

Answer 25

amphibia, testudinata, lepidosauria, and crocdillia

Question 26

what taxa have erect limb posture

Answer 26

mammalia and aves

Question 27

how do tetrapods with sprawled limb posture move

Answer 27

with lateral undulations using feet as pivot points. recovery stroke requires overarm swing

Question 28

what is the recovery stroke like in tetrapods with erect limb posture

Answer 28

pendulum like swing

Question 29

how are gnaothostomes axial muscles divided

Answer 29

epaxial and hypaxial groups by the horizontal septum

Question 30

what muscles in tetrapods form the body wall and help protect internal organs

Answer 30

hypaxial muscles

Question 31

in amniotes how is the ribcage expanded and compressed for respiration

Answer 31

with the hypaxial muscles

Question 32

in amphibians, do the ribs articulate with the sternum

Answer 32

no

Question 33

2 types of ribs for amniotes in the thorax

Answer 33

costal and sternal