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bio 204 final > unit 8 > Flashcards

unit 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

primary function of the respiratory system

A

exhcnage gasses with the environment to obtain suffiecient oxygen and sexrete suffiecient carbon dioxide

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2
Q

ventilation

A

moving air or water across the gas exchange surface

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3
Q

perfusion

A

pumping blood through the capillaries of an organ, in this case the capillaries of the gas exchange surface

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4
Q

diffusion

A

spontaneous movement of molecules/atoms from a region of high concentration to low concentration

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5
Q

adaptations to increase diffusion rate

A

large surface area
thin tissue
high vascularization

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6
Q

dV/dt

A

diffusion rate. volume of gas moving through a given area in a given amount of time

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7
Q

A/dx

A

A: surface area
dx: thickness of tissue

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8
Q

D

A

constant diffusion rate

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9
Q

(P1-P2)

A

partial pressure gradient.
P1: partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
P2: partial pressure of oxygen in the blood passing through the capillaries

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10
Q

pathway of air in mammals

A

air is drawn through the trachea and enters the lungs through bronchi and bronchioles

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11
Q

how do bronchioles end

A

tiny saccular compartments called alveoli

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12
Q

what is special about the walls of alveoli

A

they are very thin and highly vascularized

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13
Q

in actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, and chondrichthyes what provides skeletal support for the gills

A

pharyngeal arches 3-7 of the splanchnocranium

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14
Q

gill rays

A

project from pharyngeal arches and support the interbranchial spetae

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15
Q

elasmobranchii interbranchial septae

A

complete interbranchial septaw which separate the parabranchial chambers

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16
Q

what creates the flap valve that covers the external gill slit

A

distal end of each interbranchial septum

17
Q

where do primary lamellae project from

A

both sides of the interbranchial septum

18
Q

what is on either side of the primay lamellae and what do they do

A

secondary lamellae. they are a site for gas exchange

19
Q

what are the small projections on pharyngeal arches 3-7

A

gill rakers

20
Q

what do gill rakers do

A

project into the pharynx forming a screen across the openings to the parabranchial chambers. this prevents food from entering these chambers and damaging the gills

21
Q

what taxa have gill rakers

A

chondrichthyes and actinopterygii

22
Q

where are elasmobranchs gills located

A

in parabranchial chambers

23
Q

what separates the parabranchial chamber

A

complete interbranchial septum

24
Q

where are actinopterygii gills

A

opercular chamber

25
Q

what type of gills do larval amphibians have

A

external gills

26
Q

tidal flow

A

not all the inhaled air reaches the gas exchange surface. not all of the air within the respiratory system is expelled during exhalation. some spent air remains such that the air inhaled during the following inhalation is a mix of the spent and fresh air

27
Q

unidirectional flow

A

all of the inhaled air or water passes over the gas exchange surface such that there is little to no dead space

28
Q

air breathing organs in actinopterygii

A 
reinforced gills 
vascularized bucca or pharyngeal cavity 
buccal and pharyngeal diverticula 
specialized regions of the digestive tract 
swim bladder or lungs 
labrynth organ
29
Q

labyrinth organ

A

located dorsal to the gills. formed by extensive folding of one of the dorsal bones of the pharyngeal arch 3

30
Q

faclutatice breathing

A

actinopterygii and sarcopterygii
have gills and air breathing organs. gills are used when there is lots of oxygen in water, and air is used when not lots of oxygen in the water

31
Q

obligate breathing

A

some actinopterygii and sarcopterygii.
gills are greatly reduced so that even with lots of oxygen in the water the gills will not work for breathing, they need to access teh air to breathe.

32
Q

tetrapod breathing organs

A

lungs for air.

33
Q

small compartments in lungs

A

faveoli. all open into hollow chamber in the center of the lung

34
Q

how do amniotes ventilate their lungs

A

using an aspiration pump and tidal airflow

35
Q

archosaurs airflow

A

unidirectional.

thrachea branches into two primary bronchi, which branches into secondary bronchi. they are connected via parabronchi

36
Q

aves lungs

A

connected to a series of hollow elastic air sacs. expand when aspiration pump expands the thoracic cavity and compresses when aspiration pump compresses. parabronchi connects posterior air sacs to anterior

bio 204 final (5 decks)

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