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bio 204 final > unit 7 > Flashcards

unit 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

regions of the digestive tract

A

buccal cavity, pharynx, alimentary canal

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2
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

espohagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

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3
Q

what embryonic layer gives rise to lining of the buccal cavity

A

epidermal ectoderm

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4
Q

embryonic orgin of smooth muscle that propels food through the digestive tract

A

splanchnic hypomere mesoderm

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5
Q

to be absorbed it needs to pass through

A

epithelial cells

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6
Q

main function of the digestive system

A

digest food and absorb nutrients

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7
Q

digestion

A

breaks food down into molecules that can be absorbed

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8
Q

absorption

A

uptake of molecules through epithelium of the digestive tract into the blood of lymph

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9
Q

process of digestion

A

ingestion, food storage, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, microbial digestion, absorption, water reabsorption, defecation

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10
Q

quality of food

A

relative difficulty of digesting the food as well as the amount of energy that is released when the food is digested

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11
Q

site of ingestion

A

buccal cavity

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12
Q

what does tongue do in digestion

A

propel the food through the pharynx into the alimentary canal during swallowing

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13
Q

what does the buccal cavity contain

A

chemoreceptors

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14
Q

what does saliva contain

A

mucus, digestive enzymes, toxins

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15
Q

where is the parynx

A

posterior to the buccal cavity

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16
Q

what does the esophagus do

A

muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

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17
Q

what does the esophagus have in aves

A

the crop

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18
Q

what are the two chambers of an aves stomach

A

gizzard and proventriculus

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19
Q

what does aves proventriculus produce

A

acid and enxymes for chemical digestion

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20
Q

what is the gizzard in aves

A

specialized grinding stomach

21
Q

what is the main site of digestion of proteins, fats, and carbs

A

intestines

22
Q

most anterior region of the intestine

A

duodenum

23
Q

what is the small intestine the major site of

A

nutrient absorption

24
Q

how can you increase the total amount of nutrients absorbed

A

large surface area, thin epithelium, vascularization, specializations that increase the length of the time spent in the small intestine

25
Q

circular folds in the internal surface area of the small intestine

A

plicae

26
Q

microvilli

A

inside the epithelial cells. increase the SA for absorption

27
Q

what do actinopterygii have at the junction of the stomach and duodenum

A

pyloric caeca

28
Q

what does the pyloric caeca do in actinopterygii

A

chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

29
Q

what do chondrichthyes, sarcopterygii, and some actinopterygii have in their intestines

A

spiral valve

30
Q

what do tetrapods and actinopterygii do in their intestines instead of a spiral valve

A

increase the length of their intestine

31
Q

what is microbial digestion

A

fermentation. the digestion of cellulose

32
Q

what do tetrapods have at the junction of the small and large intestines

A

caecum

33
Q

what does the large intestine do in digestion

A

consolidate all undigested material into feces. also in charge of water reabsorption

34
Q

how is a coelom formed

A

hypomere mesoderm splits into two layers, somatic hypomere and splanchnic hypomere

35
Q

pericardial cavity

A

contains the heart

36
Q

pleuroparitoneal cavity

A

contains most other internal organs

37
Q

amniote coelom 2 cavities

A

thoracic and peritoneal.

thoracic: divided into paricadial (heart) and pleural (lungs)
peritoneal: contains most other organs like liver and intestines

38
Q

what do kidneys form from

A

mesomere mesoderm embryo

39
Q

kidney excretion

A

kidneys excrete nitrogenous easte as well as amino acids and salts

40
Q

omoregulation

A

done by the kidneys. maintain water balance

41
Q

nephrons

A

urine formation

42
Q

reabsorption

A

done by proximal tubule. reabsorbs water, nurtients, and salts. transports them back into the blood

43
Q

osmoconformers

A

animals that do not osmoregulate

44
Q

do myxinoidea osmoregulate

A

no

45
Q

osmoregulators that live in fresh water

A

hyperosmotic to the environment

46
Q

osmoregulators who live in salt water

A

hyoposmotic to their environment

47
Q

intermediate region of nephric tubule is elongated in mamls

A

loop of henle

48
Q

what does loop of henle do

A

produce concentration of salts surrounding the collecting tubules such that water is reabsorbed from collecting tubules

49
Q

rectal glands in chondrichthyes

A

removes NaCl from teh blood and excretes it through a duct in the rectum

bio 204 final (5 decks)

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