Unit 8 Test Flashcards
Massive retaliation
popular name for the military doctrine adopted in the 1950s, United States promised to respond to any attack on itself or its allies with massive force, including nuclear.
Viet Cong
Communist rebels in South Vietnam, fought the pro-American government established in 1954.
New Frontier
JFK’s domestic and foreign policy initiatives, designed to reinvigorate a sense of national purpose and energy.
Alliance for Progress
Program of economic aid to Latin America during the Kennedy administration.
Berlin Wall
Wall erected by East Germany in 1961 that isolated West Berlin from the surrounding areas in Communist-controlled East Berlin and East Germany.
SNCC
Stands for Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, black civil rights organization founded in 1960, drawn to younger/college activists.
CORE
Stands for congress of racial equality, civil rights group formed in 1942, committed to nonviolent civil disobedience.
SCLC
Stands for southern christian leadership conference, black civil rights organization founded in 1957 by MLK jr and other clergy.
Search and destroy
U.S. military tactic in South Vietnam, used small detachments to locate enemy units.
Selective Service System
Federal agency that coordinated military conscription before and during the Vietnam War.
Stonewall Rebellion
(June 27 1969) patrons fought back when police raided the gay Stonewall Inn in New York.
Nation of Islam
Religious movement among black Americans that emphasizes self-sufficiency, self-help, and separation from white society.
Black Panthers
Political and social movement among black Americans, founded in Oakland, California, in 1966 and emphasizing black economic and political power.
Detente
French for easing tension, treaty signed in 1972 by US and Soviet Union, slowed nuclear arms race.
Pentagon Papers
Classified Defense Department documents on the history of the U.S involvement in Vietnam, prepared in 1968 and leaked to the press in 1971.
Watergate
A complex scandal involving attempts to cover up illegal actions taken by administration officials and leading to the resignation of President Nixon in 1974.
Deindustrialization
The process of economic change involving the disappearance of outmoded industries with the transfer of factories to new low-wage locations, with devastating effects in the Northeast and Midwest, especially in the 1970s and 1980s.
OPEC
Stands for the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, cartel of oil-producing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that gained substantial power over the world economy in the mid- to late 1970s by controlling the production and price of oil.
Eisenhower
Republican 1953-1961
John F. Kennedy
Democrat 1961-1963
Lyndon B. Johnson
Democrat 1963-1969
Richard Nixon
Republican 1969-1974
Gerald Ford
Republican 1974-1977
Jimmy Carter
Democrat1977-1981
Ronald Raegan
Republican1981-1989
George Bush
Republican1989-1993
Bill Clinton
Democrat 1993-2001
George W. Bush
Republican 2001-2009
Barack Obama
Democrat 2009-2017
Donald Trump
Republican 2017-2021
Joe Biden
Democrat 2021-2024
What was so unusual about the economic phenomenon of stagflation?
Stagflation contradicted the previous assumption that hard work and talent would be rewarded with upward mobility. The country was characterized with low Demand and GDP and a high unemployment, something never seen before in this country. This changed many Americans’ views on how much true hard work and a blue collar job could actually pay off.
Explain the development of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuba was a communist country right in the United State’s back yard, Russian leader Khrushchev began to ship ballistic missiles to Cuba and technicians to operate them so they can fend off American aggression. In October 1962, an American U-2 spy plane secretly photographed these nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviets on the island of Cuba. After many days of deliberation Kennedy decided to “quarantine” the island in order to block any more Russian military support and demanded the immediate removal of the missiles. Russia declared this as an act of aggression and both armies readied for war. The aggression finally stopped after some very stressful diplomatic talks in which the US agreed to not attack Cuba and remove missiles from Turkey while the Soviet removed its bomber and missiles from Cuba.
What were the Stonewall Riots and what did they have to do with the push for civil rights beyond those demanded by racial minorities?
The Stonewall Riots, or the Stonewall Uprising, began in the early hours of June 28, 1969 when New York City police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay club located in Greenwich Village in New York City. The raid sparked a riot among bar patrons and neighborhood residents as police hauled employees and patrons out of the bar, leading to a six day protest and violent clashes with law enforcement outside the bar on Christopher Street, in neighboring streets and in nearby Christopher Park. The Stonewall Riots served as a catalyst for the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world. They fought for the decriminalization of homosexuality, rights to employment, military service, and marriage.
Where did Lyndon B. Johnson take his first oath of office in 1963?
Air Force One Plane
What was the job of the Warren Commission in 1964?
Investigate JFK assassination
How did JFK want to stimulate the economy in 1963?
Cut income taxes
What response to Soviet missiles on Cuba did John F. Kennedy initially support?
First launching a series of airstrikes to take out the missiles, then Enacting a blockade using the U.S. Navy
Which United States Supreme Court case declared school prayers unconstitutional for its “indirect coercive pressure upon religious minorities”?
Engel v. Vitale
What was the message of Stokely Carmichael?
Embrace “Black Power”- active resistance, self-help, racial solidarity
Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger shared a pessimistic view of world affairs referred to as
Realpolitik
Why did Richard Nixon decide to mine Haiphong Harbor in 1972 and initiate a naval blockade?
To repel the north
When did unleaded fuel first come on the market?
1970s
Who was the Democratic presidential candidate in 1972?
George McGovern
What triggered Richard Nixon to have his “plumbers” harass and demoralize the administration’s “enemies?”
Pentagon Papers
What was Betty Friedan’s main point in her book The Feminine Mystique from 1963?
Middle class wives and mothers found like unsatisfying and confining. (Women hated being at home)
The economic phenomenon of stagflation combined the economic phenomena of inflation with
Stagnation
What was the cause of higher oil prices during the early 1970s?
Political turmoil in the middle east
Why did Jimmy Carter forbid American athletes to participate in the 1980 Olympic Games?
Soviets invaded Afghanistan and he felt it threatened world peace (Olympics that year were in Moscow)
Also a lot of protests took place as a result of this
Which of the following events in the Cuban missile crisis of October 1962 made the situation decidedly more dangerous?
The crisis intensified as a dozen Soviet ships headed towards a possible confrontation with the U.S. Navy off the coast of cuba. Almost a nuclear war, but the Soviet ship (Nikita Khrushchev) relented.
The Economic Opportunity Act established all of the following, EXCEPT:
offer foreign aid to Latin American countries
What was the purpose of Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965?
It provided more than $1 billion for textbooks, library materials, and special educational programs for poor children.
To what cause did first lady Lady Bird Johnson commit herself during her husband’s presidency from 1963 through 1968?
Highway beautification act which called for control of outdoor advertising, including removal of certain types of signs, along the nation’s growing Interstate Highway System and the existing federal-aid primary highway system. It also required certain junkyards along Interstate or primary highways to be removed or screened and encouraged scenic enhancement and roadside development
Why did the Attorney General send 500 federal marshals to the campus of the University of Mississippi in Oxford in 1962?
The school was being integrated and had an African American student for the first time
The town of Selma in Alabama was home to 14,400 whites and 15,100 blacks. What percentage of people on the voting rolls were African American in 1964?
1 Percent
The Voting Rights Act of 1965-
Outlawed discrimination voting by outlawing things like poll taxes and literacy tests
General Westmoreland relied on all of the tactics and weaponry?
Westmoreland adopted a strategy of attrition against the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army, attempting to drain them of manpower and supplies. He also made use of the United States’ edge in artillery and air power, both in tactical confrontations and in relentless strategic bombing of North Vietnam.
How did South Vietnam’s leader Ngo Dinh Diem respond to the self-immolations of protesting Buddhist monks in 1963?
He targeted Buddhist pagodas throughout South Vietnam. He accused the Buddhist monks of harboring communists or being communists themselves.
Which of the tenets of modern industrial society did the counterculture embrace?
The 1960s counterculture embraced a back-to-the-land ethic, and communes of the era often relocated to the country from cities.
Following the coup against Ngo Dinh Diem in November 1963, the deposed leader was murdered
Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
Prohibits discrimination on voting, proposed a week after the civil rights movement ended.
What historical lesson was in President Lyndon Johnson’s mind when he decided that he could not pull out of Vietnam?
The domino theory: one country stops communism, the rest will follow.
Which trends accelerated among U.S. forces in Vietnam after 1969
Reducing U.S. presence in the war
Which of the tenets of modern industrial society did the counterculture embrace?
Peace, harmony, equality, music, etc.
What radicalized students as they returned to campuses like UC Berkeley in 1964?
The Free Speech Movement
Why did conservative students congregate at Sharon, Connecticut, in 1961?
To establish the Young Americans for Freedom
What happened after the shooting of students at Kent State University in May 1970?
The event triggered a nationwide student strike that forced hundreds of colleges and universities to close
What was Richard Nixon’s chief motivation for reducing the number of combat troops in Vietnam?
Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to “expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops
Which group had the highest casualty rates in the Vietnam War?
Black
Why did Nixon and Kissinger want to end the arms race with the Soviet Union?
To spend less and focus on issues inside the country
When the Marxist Salvador Allende won a popular election in Chile?
1970 election
Describe Richard Nixon’s domestic policies
Nixon advocated a policy of “New Federalism”, in which federal powers and responsibilities would be shifted to state governments. However, he faced a Democratic Congress that did not share his goals and, in some cases, enacted legislation over his veto.
In 1964, there were seventy black elected officials in the nation. By 1980, how many black elected officials worked at all levels of government across the country?
It had grown by 60 fold
Why did the American Indian Movement occupy Alcatraz Island in 1969?
to protest against the United States government’s policies that took aboriginal land away from American Indians and aimed to destroy their cultures
What successes did Native American protesters have in the nation’s courts in the 1970s?
They opened the K-12 Heart of the Earth Survival School in 1971, and in 1972, mounted the Trail of Broken Treaties march on Washington, D.C., where they took over the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), in protest of its policies, and with demands for their reform.
What important step did the American Psychiatric Association take in 1973?
They removed homosexuality from the list of mental illnesses
On what grounds did the United States Supreme Court declare women had a constitutional right to an abortion in 1973?
In January 1973, the Supreme Court issued a 7–2 decision in McCorvey’s favor holding that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides a fundamental “right to privacy”, which protects a pregnant woman’s right to an abortion.
What was Rachel Carson’s chief focus in her work Silent Spring from 1962?
The book was a cry to ban dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, more commonly known as DDT , and end the misuse of chemical pesticides that she claimed were degrading the environment on an unprecedented scale.
How did President Gerald Ford manage to drive inflation down to 5 percent during his administration?
Ford’s economic advisors devised a Whip Inflation Now or WIN program in the fall of 1974. It focused on a variety of voluntary anti-inflationary initiatives that individual citizens and businesses could embrace.
