Unit 3 Vocab

Question 1

Marbury v. Madison

Answer 1

Supreme court decision of 1803 that created the precedent of judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.

Question 2

Fletcher v. Peck

Answer 2

Supreme Court decision of 1810 that overturned a state law by ruling that it violated a legal contract

Question 3

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Answer 3

Supreme Court decision of 1819 that prohibited states from interfering with the privileges granted to a private corporation

Question 4

McCulloch v. Maryland

Answer 4

Supreme Court decision of 1819 that upheld the consitutional authority of Congress to charter and national bank, and thereby to regulate the nation’s currency and finances

Question 5

American System

Answer 5

The program of government subsidies favored by Henry Clay and his followers to promote American economic growth and protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition.

Question 6

Second Bank of the United States

Answer 6

A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit

Question 7

Impressment

Answer 7

The coercion of American sailors to the British navy.

Question 8

Chesapeake incident

Answer 8

Attack in 1807 by the British ship Leopard on the American ship Chesapeake in American territorial waters.

Question 9

Embargo Act of 1807

Answer 9

Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port.

Question 10

Era of Good Feelings

Answer 10

The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony

Question 11

Missouri Compromise

Answer 11

Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory

Question 12

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 12

In December 1823, Monroe declared to Congress that the Americas “are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power.”

Question 13

Second Great Awakening

Answer 13

Series of religious revivals in the first half of the nineteenth century characterized by great emotionalism in large public meetings

Question 14

Democratic Party

Answer 14

Political party formed in the 1820s under the leadership of Andrew Jackson; favored states’ rights and limited role for the federal.

Question 15

Spoils system

Answer 15

The awarding of government jobs to party loyalists

Question 16

Abolitionist movement

Answer 16

A radical antislavery crusade committed to the immediate end of slavery that emerged in the three decades before the Civil War

Question 17

Whig Party

Answer 17

Political party, formed in the mid-1830s in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats, that favored strong role for the national government in promoting strong economic growth.

Question 18

Nullification crisis

Answer 18

Sectional crisis in the early 1830s in which a states’ rights party in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal law

Question 19

Indian Removal Act

Answer 19

Legislation passed by Congress in 1830 that provided funds for removing and resettling eastern Indians in the West. It granted the president the authority to use force if necessary

Question 20

Trail of Tears

Answer 20

The forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian Territory in the West; thousands of Cherokees died along the way

Question 21

Black Hawk’s War

Answer 21

Short 1832 war in which federal troops and Illinois militia units defeated the Sauk and Fox Indians led by Black Hawk

Question 22

Bank War

Answer 22

The political struggle between President Andrew Jackson and the supporters of the Second Bank of the United States

Question 23

Gag rule

Answer 23

Procedural rule passed in the House of Representatives that prevented discussion of antislavery petitions from 1836 to 1844

Question 24

Second Party Sytstem

Answer 24

The national two-party competition between Democrats and Whigs from the 1830s through the early 1850s

Question 25

Slave code

Answer 25

A series of laws passed mainly in the southern colonies in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries to defend the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic civil rights to them.

Question 26

Gang system

Answer 26

The organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations

Question 27

Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion

Answer 27

Slave revolt that failed when Gabriel Prosser, a slave preacher and blacksmith, organized a thousand slaves for an attack on Richmond, Virginia, in 1800.

Question 28

Denmark Vesey’s Conspiracy

Answer 28

The most carefully devised slave revolt in which rebels planted to seize control of Charleston in 1822 and escape to freedom in Haiti, a free black republic, bu they were betrayed by other slaves, and 35 conspirators were executed

Question 29

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Answer 29

Uprising of slaves led by Nat Turner in Southampton County, Virginia, in the summer of 1831 that resulted in the death of up to six white people

Question 30

Underground Railroad

Answer 30

Support system set up by antislavery groups in the Upper South and the North assist fugitive slaves in escaping the South.

Question 31

Black codes

Answer 31

Laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free back people before the Civil War.

Question 32

Transportation Revolution

Answer 32

Dramatic improvements in transportation that stimulated economic growth after 1815 by expanding the range of travel and reducing the time and cost of moving goods and people

Question 33

Putting-out system

Answer 33

System of manufacturing in which merchants furnished households with raw materials for processing by family members

Question 34

American system of manufacturing

Answer 34

A technique of production pioneering in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century that relied on precision manufacturing with the use of interchangeable parts

Question 35

Gibbons V. Odgen

Answer 35

Supreme Court decision of 1824 involving coastal commerce that overturned a steamboat monopoly granted by the state of New York on the grounds that only Congress had the authority to regulate interstate commerce.

Question 36

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

Answer 36

Supreme Court decision of 1837 that promised economic competition by ruling that the broader rights of the community took precedence over any presumed right of monopoly granted in a corporate charter

Question 37

Workingmen’s movement

Answer 37

Associations of urban workers who began campaigning in the 1820s for free public education and a 10-hour workday

Question 38

Communism

Answer 38

A social structure based on the common ownership of property

Question 39

Socialism

Answer 39

A social order based on government ownership of industry and worker control over corporations as a way to prevent worker exploitation

Question 40

Transcendentalism

Answer 40

A philosophical and literary movement centered on an idealistic belief in the divinity of individuals and nature

Question 41

Temperance

Answer 41

Reform movement originating in the 1820s that sought to eliminate the consumption of alcohol

Question 42

Cult of domesticity

Answer 42

The belief that woman, by virtue of their sex, should stay home as the moral guardians of family life.

Question 43

Nativist

Answer 43

Favoring the interests and culture of native-born inhabitants over those immigrants

Question 44

American Colonization Society

Answer 44

Organization, founded in 1817 by antislavery reformers, that called for gradual emancipation and removal of freed blacks to Africa

Question 45

American Anti-Slavery Society

Answer 45

the first national organization of abolitionists, founded in 1833

Question 46

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 46

The first convention for women’s equality in legal rights, held in upstate New York in 1848.

Question 47

Declaration of Sentiments

Answer 47

The resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls convention of 1848 calling for full female equality, including the right to vote

Question 48

Liberty Party

Answer 48

The first antislavery political party, formed in 1840

Question 49

Slave Power

Answer 49

A key concept in abolitionist and northern antislavery propaganda that depicted southern slaveholders as the driving force in political conspiracy to promote slavery at the expense of white liberties.