Unit 3 Vocab Flashcards
Marbury v. Madison
Supreme court decision of 1803 that created the precedent of judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
Fletcher v. Peck
Supreme Court decision of 1810 that overturned a state law by ruling that it violated a legal contract
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Supreme Court decision of 1819 that prohibited states from interfering with the privileges granted to a private corporation
McCulloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court decision of 1819 that upheld the consitutional authority of Congress to charter and national bank, and thereby to regulate the nation’s currency and finances
American System
The program of government subsidies favored by Henry Clay and his followers to promote American economic growth and protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition.
Second Bank of the United States
A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit
Impressment
The coercion of American sailors to the British navy.
Chesapeake incident
Attack in 1807 by the British ship Leopard on the American ship Chesapeake in American territorial waters.
Embargo Act of 1807
Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port.
Era of Good Feelings
The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony
Missouri Compromise
Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory
Monroe Doctrine
In December 1823, Monroe declared to Congress that the Americas “are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power.”
Second Great Awakening
Series of religious revivals in the first half of the nineteenth century characterized by great emotionalism in large public meetings
Democratic Party
Political party formed in the 1820s under the leadership of Andrew Jackson; favored states’ rights and limited role for the federal.
Spoils system
The awarding of government jobs to party loyalists
Abolitionist movement
A radical antislavery crusade committed to the immediate end of slavery that emerged in the three decades before the Civil War
Whig Party
Political party, formed in the mid-1830s in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats, that favored strong role for the national government in promoting strong economic growth.
Nullification crisis
Sectional crisis in the early 1830s in which a states’ rights party in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal law
Indian Removal Act
Legislation passed by Congress in 1830 that provided funds for removing and resettling eastern Indians in the West. It granted the president the authority to use force if necessary
Trail of Tears
The forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian Territory in the West; thousands of Cherokees died along the way
Black Hawk’s War
Short 1832 war in which federal troops and Illinois militia units defeated the Sauk and Fox Indians led by Black Hawk
Bank War
The political struggle between President Andrew Jackson and the supporters of the Second Bank of the United States
Gag rule
Procedural rule passed in the House of Representatives that prevented discussion of antislavery petitions from 1836 to 1844
Second Party Sytstem
The national two-party competition between Democrats and Whigs from the 1830s through the early 1850s
Slave code
A series of laws passed mainly in the southern colonies in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries to defend the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic civil rights to them.
Gang system
The organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations
Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion
Slave revolt that failed when Gabriel Prosser, a slave preacher and blacksmith, organized a thousand slaves for an attack on Richmond, Virginia, in 1800.
Denmark Vesey’s Conspiracy
The most carefully devised slave revolt in which rebels planted to seize control of Charleston in 1822 and escape to freedom in Haiti, a free black republic, bu they were betrayed by other slaves, and 35 conspirators were executed
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Uprising of slaves led by Nat Turner in Southampton County, Virginia, in the summer of 1831 that resulted in the death of up to six white people
Underground Railroad
Support system set up by antislavery groups in the Upper South and the North assist fugitive slaves in escaping the South.
Black codes
Laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free back people before the Civil War.
Transportation Revolution
Dramatic improvements in transportation that stimulated economic growth after 1815 by expanding the range of travel and reducing the time and cost of moving goods and people
Putting-out system
System of manufacturing in which merchants furnished households with raw materials for processing by family members
American system of manufacturing
A technique of production pioneering in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century that relied on precision manufacturing with the use of interchangeable parts
Gibbons V. Odgen
Supreme Court decision of 1824 involving coastal commerce that overturned a steamboat monopoly granted by the state of New York on the grounds that only Congress had the authority to regulate interstate commerce.
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
Supreme Court decision of 1837 that promised economic competition by ruling that the broader rights of the community took precedence over any presumed right of monopoly granted in a corporate charter
Workingmen’s movement
Associations of urban workers who began campaigning in the 1820s for free public education and a 10-hour workday
Communism
A social structure based on the common ownership of property
Socialism
A social order based on government ownership of industry and worker control over corporations as a way to prevent worker exploitation
Transcendentalism
A philosophical and literary movement centered on an idealistic belief in the divinity of individuals and nature
Temperance
Reform movement originating in the 1820s that sought to eliminate the consumption of alcohol
Cult of domesticity
The belief that woman, by virtue of their sex, should stay home as the moral guardians of family life.
Nativist
Favoring the interests and culture of native-born inhabitants over those immigrants
American Colonization Society
Organization, founded in 1817 by antislavery reformers, that called for gradual emancipation and removal of freed blacks to Africa
American Anti-Slavery Society
the first national organization of abolitionists, founded in 1833
Seneca Falls Convention
The first convention for women’s equality in legal rights, held in upstate New York in 1848.
Declaration of Sentiments
The resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls convention of 1848 calling for full female equality, including the right to vote
Liberty Party
The first antislavery political party, formed in 1840
Slave Power
A key concept in abolitionist and northern antislavery propaganda that depicted southern slaveholders as the driving force in political conspiracy to promote slavery at the expense of white liberties.
