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The Big One Flashcards

1
Q

Whigs

A

The name used by advocates of colonial resistance to British measures during the 1760’s and 1770’s

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2
Q

Tories

A

A derisive term applied to loyalists in America who supported the king and parliament just before and during the American Revolution

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3
Q

Sovereignty

A

The supreme authority of the state

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4
Q

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

A

Asserted that the Stamp Act and other taxes were imposed on the colonists without their consent were unconstitutional

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5
Q

Republicanism

A

The idea that governments must exercise power, but simultaneously cautioning that power could easily overwhelm liberty.

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6
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

Convened in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. The second continental congress called for the patchwork and revision of the way things worked.

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7
Q

Olive Branch Petition

A

A last effort for peace that avowed America’s loyalty to George 3 and requested that he protect them from further aggression

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8
Q

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms

A

Declaration of the second continental congress that Americans were ready to fight for freedom and liberty

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9
Q

Contract theory of government

A

Belief that the government is established by human beings to protect certain rights: life, liberty, and property. These rights are theirs by natural divinely sanctioned law and when government protects these rights, people are obligated to obey it.

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10
Q

Republican

A

Used to describe theory derived from the political ideas of classical antiquity, renaissance Europe, and early modern England

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11
Q

Federalism

A

the sharing of powers between national government and the states

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12
Q

Nationalists

A

Group of leaders in the 1780’s who spearheaded the drive to replace the articles of confederation with a stronger central government

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13
Q

Judicial review

A

A power implied in the constitution that gives federal courts the right to review and determine

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14
Q

Great Compromise

A

plan proposed by Roger Sherman of Connecticut at the 1787 Constitutional convention for creating a national bicameral legislature in which all states would be equally represented in the house

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15
Q

Virginia Plan

A

Proposal of the Virginia Delegation at the 1787 constitutional convention calling for a national legislature in which states would be represented according to population. The national legislature would have explicit power to veto or overrule laws passed by state legislature

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16
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

Proposal of the New jersey delegation at the 1787 Constitutional covention for a strengthened national government in which all states would have equal representation in a unicameral legislature

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17
Q

Natural rights

A

Political philosophy that maintains that individuals have an inherent right, found in nature and preceding any government or written law, to life and liberty

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18
Q

Bill of rights

A

a written summary of inalienable rights and liberties

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19
Q

Federalist

A

A supporter of the constitution who favored its ratification

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20
Q

Antifederalist

A

An opponent of the constitution in the debate over its ratification

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21
Q

Shay’s rebellion

A

an armed movement of debt-ridden farmers in western Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-1787. Rebellion shut down courts and created a crisis atmosphere

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22
Q

Northwest ordinance of 1787

A

Legislation passed by congress under the articles of confederation that prohibited slavery in the northwest territories and provided the model for the incorporation of future territories into the union as coequal states

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23
Q

Judiciary Act of 1789

A

Act of Congress that implemented the judiciary clause of the constitution by establishing the Supreme Court and a system of lower federal court

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24
Q

Nullification

A

a constitutional doctrine holding that a state has a legal right to declare a national law null and void within its borders

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25
Q

Alien and Sedition Acts

A

Collective name given to four acts passed by congress in 1798 that curtailed freedom of speech and the liberty of foreigners resident in the US

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26
Q

Democratic Party

A

Political party formed in the 1820s under the leadership of Andrew Jackson; favored states’ rights and limited role for federal government

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27
Q

Whig Party

A

Party formed in the mid-1830s in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats, that favored strong role for the national government in promoting strong economic growth

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28
Q

Gag rule

A

Procedural rule passed in the House of Representatives that prevented discussion of antislavery petitions from 1836 to 1844

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29
Q

Nullification crisis

A

Sectional crisis in the early 1830s in which a states’ rights party in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal law

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30
Q

Spoils system

A

The awarding of government jobs to party loyalists

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31
Q

Abolitionist movement

A

A radical antislavery crusade committed to the immediate end of slavery that emerged in the three decades before the Civil War

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32
Q

Second Great Awakening

A

Series of religious revivals in the first half of the nineteenth century characterized by great emotionalism in large public meetings

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33
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

Legislation passed by Congress in 1830 that provided funds for removing and resettling eastern Indians in the West. It granted the president the authority to use force if necessary

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34
Q

Trail of Tears

A

The forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian Territory in the West; thousands of Cherokees died along the way

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35
Q

Black Hawk’s War

A

Short 1832 war in which federal troops and Illinois militia units defeated the Sauk and Fox Indians led by Black Hawk.

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36
Q

Second Party System

A

The national two-party competition between Democrats and Whigs from the 1830s through the early 1850s

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37
Q

Slave code

A

series of laws passed mainly in the southern colonies to defend the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic civil rights to them

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38
Q

Black code

A

Law passed that denies rights of citizenship to free black people

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39
Q

Prosser’s rebellion

A

slave revolt that failed when Gabrich Prosser, a slave preacher, and blacksmith organized

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40
Q

Vesey’s Conspiracy

A

The most carefully devised slave revolt in which rebels planned to seize control of charleston in 1822

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41
Q

Turner’s Rebellion

A

Uprisings of slaves led by Nat Turner that resulted in the death of 60 white people.

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42
Q

Underground Railroad

A

Support system set up by antislavery groups in the Upper south and the North to assist fugitive slaves in escaping the south.

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43
Q

Temperance

A

reform movement originating In the 1820’s that sought to eliminate the consumption of alcohol

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44
Q

Cult of domesticity

A

the belief that women, by virtue of their sex, should stay home as the moral guardians of Family life

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45
Q

Nativist

A

favoring the interests and cultures of native- born inhabitants over those of immigrants

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46
Q

Communism

A

a social structure based on the common ownership of property

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47
Q

Socialism

A

a social order based on government ownership of industry and worker control

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48
Q

Transcendentalism

A

philosophical and literary movement centered on an idealistic belief

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49
Q

American Colonization Society

A

colonization founded in 1817 by anti- slavery reformers
called for gradual emancipation and the removal of freed blacks to Africa

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50
Q

American Anti-Slavery Society

A

first national organization of abolitionists, founded in 1833

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51
Q

Seneca Falls Convention

A

first convention for women’s equality in legal rights held in upstate New York in 1848

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52
Q

Declaration of Sentiments

A

the resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 calling for full female equality, including the right to vote

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53
Q

Slave power

A

a key concept in abolitionist and northern anti slavery propaganda that depicted southern slaveholders as the driving force in a political conspiracy to promote slavery
at the expense of white liberties

53
Q

Liberty Party

A

The first anti-slavery political party formed in 1840

54
Q

Why did Republican theory mistrust professional armies?

A

They were the instruments of tyrants

55
Q

Why is the Continental Army’s winter at Valley Forge famous?

A

Soldiers died from cold, disease, and starvation (it sucked)

56
Q

Coming out of the Constitutional Convention, which unresolved issue would have the greatest impact on later American history?

A

slavery

57
Q

Which amendment called for a well-regulated militia?

A

2nd

58
Q

Which amendment prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes?

A

3rd

59
Q

Federalists were alarmed by what world event?

A

French Revolution

60
Q

In his Farewell Address, Washington devoted most of his time to what topic?

A

The future of America and how we need to stay neutral in European affairs.

61
Q

The Missouri Compromise attempted to do what?

A

Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory

62
Q

The first members of the Whig Party believed what?

A

Political party, formed in the mid-1830s in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats, that favored strong role for the national government in promoting strong economic growth.

63
Q

Why was John Tyler at odds with the urban and commercial members of the Whig Party?

A

Because he was for states rights instead of federal government rights and they were not.

64
Q

What was the dominant issue in the election of 1844?

A

Annexation of Texas

64
Q

The first large-scale slave rebellion was led by who?

A

Gabriel Posser

65
Q

Which religious group was largely involved in beginning the Underground Railroad?

A

Quaker

65
Q

What document, issued at the Seneca Falls Convention, called for full female equality?

A

The Declaration of Sentiments

66
Q

Which town was a starting point on the Oregon Trail in 1842?

A

Independence, Missouri

67
Q

Before 1850, which of the following groups was the dominant power in the north and central Great Plains?

A

Soux hunters/warrior

68
Q

How was St. Louis was ideally located for urban growth?

A

It happened to be in the middle of 3 converging major rivers the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio

69
Q

Manifest Destiny was premised on what?

A

The premise is that the United States deserved the land out west because God gave it to them to spread Christianity and to use it for farming.

70
Q

What effect did the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin have on many northern white people?

A

It gave them an inside look on slavery and made them have sympathy for the enslaved.

71
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

Doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God.

72
Q

Claim Clubs

A

Groups of local settlers on the nineteenth-century frontier who banded together to prevent the price of their land claims from being bid up by outsiders at public land auction

73
Q

Oregon Trail

A

Overland trail of more than two thousand miles that carried American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah

74
Q

Santa Fe Trail

A

The 900-mile trail opened by American merchants for trading purposes following Mexico’s liberalization of the formerly restrictive trading policies of Spain.

75
Q

Alamo

A

Franciscan mission at San Antonio, Texas, that was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of Texans by Mexican troops

76
Q

Mexican Cession of 1848

A

The addition of half a million square miles to the United States as a result of victory in the 1846 war between the United States and Mexico

77
Q

Popular Sovereignty

A

A solution to the slavery crisis suggested by Michigan senator Lewis Cass by which territorial residents, not Congress, would decide slavery’s fate

78
Q

Know-Nothing Party

A

Anti-immigrant party formed from the wreckage of the Whig Party and some disaffected northern Democrats in 1854

79
Q

Confederate States of America

A

Nation proclaimed in Montgomery, Alabama, in February 1861 after the seven states of the Lower South seceded from the United States

80
Q

John Brown’s Raid

A

New England abolitionist John Brown’s ill-fated attempt to free Virginia’s slaves with a raid on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in 1859

81
Q

Republican Party

A

Party that emerged in the 1850s in the aftermath of the bitter controversy over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, consisting of former Whigs, some northern Democrats, and many Know-Nothings.

82
Q

Lincoln

A

Series of debates in the 1858 Illinois senatorial campaign during which Democrat Stephen A. Douglas and Republican Abraham Lincoln staked out their differing opinions on the issue of slavery in the territories

83
Q

Constitutional Union Party

A

National party formed in 1860, mainly by former Whigs, that emphasized allegiance to the Union and strict enforcement of all national legislation

84
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

The four step compromise that admitted California as a free state, allowed the residents of the New Mexico and Utah territories to decide the slavery issue for themselves, ended the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and passed a new fugitive slave law to enforce the constitutional provision stating that a slave escaping into a free state shall be delivered back to the owner

85
Q

Wilmot Proviso

A

The amendment offered by Pennsylvania Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 which stipulated that “as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico… neither slavery no involuntary servitude shall every exist in any part of said territory.”

86
Q

Fugitive Slave Act

A

Law, part of the Compromise of 1850, that required authorities in the North to assist southern slave catchers and return runaway slaves to their owners

87
Q

“Bleeding Kansas”

A

Violence between pro- and antislavery forces in Kansas Territory after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854

88
Q

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A

Law passed in 1854 creating the Kansas and Nebraska Territories but leaving the question of slavery open to residents, thereby repealing the Missouri Compromise

89
Q

Copperheads

A

A term Republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the Confederate cause during the Civil War

90
Q

Radical Republicans

A

A shifting group of Republican congressmen, usually a substantial minority, who favored the abolition of slavery from the beginning of the Civil War and later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated South

91
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A

Decree announced by President Abraham Lincoln in September 1862 and formally issued on January 1, 1863, freeing slaves in all Confederate states still in rebellion

92
Q

First Confiscation Act

A

Law passed by Congress in August 1861, it liberated only those slaves who had directly assisted the Confederate war effort or whose masters were openly disloyal to the Union

93
Q

Second Confiscation Act

A

Law passed by Congress in July 1862 giving Union commanders the right to seize slave property as their armies marched through Confederate territory

94
Q

Thirteenth Amendment

A

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1863 that freed all slaves throughout the United States

95
Q

Lost cause

A

The phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause and their defeat as only a temporary setback in the South’s ultimate vindication

96
Q

Scalawags

A

Southern whites, mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants and planters, who supported the southern Republican Party during Reconstruction for diverse reasons; a disparaging term

97
Q

Carpetbaggers

A

Pejorative term to describe northern transplants to the South, many of whom were Union soldiers who stayed in the South after the war

98
Q

Ku Klux Klan

A

Perhaps the most prominent of the vigilante groups that terrorized black people in the South during the Reconstruction Era, founded by Confederate veterans in 1866

99
Q

Redeemers

A

Southern Democrats who wrested control of governments in the former Confederacy from Republicans, often through electoral fraud and violence, beginning in 1870.

100
Q

Compromise of 1877

A

The congressional settling of the 1876 election that installed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in the White House and gave Democrats control of all state governments in the South

101
Q

Fourteenth Amendment

A

Constitutional amendment passed by Congress in April 1866 incorporating some of the features of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It prohibited states from violating the civil rights of their citizens and offered states the choice of allowing black people to vote or losing representation in Congress

102
Q

Fifteenth Amendment

A

Passed by Congress in 1869, guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race

103
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau

A

Agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, and economic services, advice, and protection to former slaves and destitute whites; lasted seven years

104
Q

Field order No. 15

A

Order by General William T. Sherman in January 1865 to set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast to 40-acre grants to freedmen; rescinded by President Andrew Johnson later that year

105
Q

Sharecropping

A

Labor system that evolved during and after Reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools that advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborers’ crop.

106
Q

Black Codes

A

Laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free blacks before the Civil War. Also, during the Reconstruction era, laws passed by newly elected southern state legislatures to control black labor, mobility, and employment

107
Q

Anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic sentiment gave rise to which party

A

“Know Nothing” Party

108
Q

In the controversial Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court declared what?

A

Enslaved people were not US citizens

109
Q

Which state was formed when it seceded from the Confederacy?

A

West Virginia

110
Q

Who did President Lincoln name as commander of all Union forces in March 1864?

A

Ulysses S. Grant

111
Q

What happened to John Wilkes Booth?

A

Shot by soldier, died 3 hours later

112
Q

Before the first battle of the Civil War, most people on both sides assumed what?

A

War should be over by Christmas, each thought their side would easily win

113
Q

Which amendment called for equality before the law?

A

14th Amendment

114
Q

Which amendment protected black’s rights to vote?

A

15th amendment

115
Q

Quakers

A

Members of the Society of Friends, a radical religious group that arose in the mid-seventeenth century. Quakers rejected formal theology and an educated ministry, focusing instead on the importance of the “Inner Light” or Holy Spirit that dwelt within them. Quakers were important in the founding of Pennsylvania

116
Q

Puritans

A

Individuals who believed that Queen Elizabeth’s reforms of the Church of England had not gone far enough in improving the church, particularly in ensuring that church members were among the saved. Led the settlement of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

117
Q

Seperatists

A

Members of an offshoot branch of Puritanism. Seperatists believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed and hence were convinced that they must “separate” from it to save their souls. Helped found Plymouth Colony

118
Q

Pilgrims

A

Settlers of the Plymouth Colony, who viewed themselves as spiritual wanderers.

119
Q

Mercantilism

A

Economic system whereby the government intervenes in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth

120
Q

Virtual Representation

A

The notion that parliamentary members represented the interests of the nation as a whole, not those of the particular district that elected them

121
Q

Actual representation

A

The practice whereby elected representatives normally reside in their districts and are directly responsive to local interests

122
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

Bloodless revolt that occurred in England in 1688 when parliamentary leaders invited William of Orange, a Protestant, to assume the English throne.

123
Q

Great Awakening

A

Tremendous religious revival in colonial America striking first in the Middle Colonies and New England in the 1740’s and then spreading to the southern colonies.

124
Q

Why did Anti-Jacksonians call themselves Whigs?

A

They viewed Jackson as a monarch and the original Whigs were opposed to the crown.

125
Q

The “cult of domesticity” emphasized what?

A

According to this ideology, women should exist in the private, domestic sphere of the home, and should not venture into the public sphere for work like men do.

126
Q

In the 1858 race for Senator from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln was opposed by who?

A

Stephen Douglas

127
Q

Overall, regarding Reconstruction constitutional amendments and laws, the Supreme Court in the later part of the nineteenth century did what?

A

Declared African Americans not citizens and was detrimental to them

lc (9 decks)

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