Unit 5 Test Flashcards
Wounded Knee Massacre
represented the end of Indian suppression in westward expansion (1890)
Battle of Little Bighorn
Disaster for army, sealed fate for the Indians. Death of Custer + Soldiers = hardened national mood. Greatest native american victory of Plains Wars. (1876)
“Last arrow” pageants-
Government ordered Indians to attend a large assembly on the reservation. Each Indian exited their teepee and what an arrow. Indian then retreated to the teepee and came out wearing “civilized” clothing, symbolizing the crossing ‘savage’ to ‘civilized’
The great Railroad Strike
Illustrated relationship between Americans and nation’s economy, rise of business, emergence of a national and global economy, and the changing nature of work fundamentally altered the way Americans earned a living. Impacts of industrialization led to experiments
Second Industrial Revolution
emerged in Germany and the U.S. during 1870’s. Economic transformation shared common features, a growing population, the development of new inventions, railroad expansion, etc.
Department stores
Mass marketing of goods, permitted by technological innovations and revolution in transportation. Ex. Macy’s turned shopping into an adventure, not just a convinience.
Chain stores
retail stores that are more specialized
Mail order business
established by Aaron Montgomery 1872 amazon through catalogs
Vertical integration
controlling all steps to producing you products
Horizontal integration
own all businesses, control prices, profits buy all smaller
Laissez-faire
let things take their own course, no inter-companies. No government control
Wage slavery
wages so low people couldn’t afford to leave
Thomas Edison
His “Menlo Park”marked the transition from individual experimenters to systematic research and development and serial inventions. His most famous and important invention was the incandescent light bulb. This was made commercially viable through the alternating current of George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla
William Stanley
an independent inventor famous for an induction coil, which is a transmitter for alternating current.
Jay Gould
a famous Robber Baron that exploited the weaknesses of competitors in the wake of financial panics.
Nikola Tesla
a Croatian immigrant that discovered a way to convert alternating current into power that could drive machines together. Worked with Charles Brush to enable factories to use electrical powers.
Andrew Carnegie
modeled industrial concentration and vertical integration in the steel industry.
John D. Rockefeller
built a virtual monopoly in oil by winning price wars through low wages and railroad rebates.
Abraham Lincoln
Republican (1861-1865)
Andrew Johnson
National Union (1865-1869)
Ulysses S. Grant
Republican (1869-1877)
Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican (1877-1881)
James A. Garfield
Republican (1881)
Chester A. Arthur
Republican (1881-1885)
Grover Cleveland
Democrat (1885-1889 / 1893-1897)
Benjamin Harrison
Republican (1889-1893)
William Mckinley
Republican (1897-1901)
Why did railroad companies encourage migration in the American West in the late nineteenth century?
It provided new economic opportunities, developed new towns and communities, and tied the east and west together.
Why did the Central Pacific Railroad hire a predominantly Chinese labor force for the construction of the transpacific railroad?
Because they were facing a labor shortage, and the Chinese had no other choice but to work cheaply.
What was the significance of the refrigerated train car
Allowed for transcontinental trade of perishable items like food
Which industries depended heavily on railroads in 1882?
Timber, coal, and steel
How did the Panic of 1873 benefit the “robber baron” Jay Gould?
It lowered the stock of many different railroad companies which Jay then bought and created an “almost” monopoly
When Rockefeller’s Standard Oil made the very barrels in which the oil was shipped, this was an example of what business practice?
Vertical integration
Why did manufacturing businesses in the late 19th century have an interest in hiring workers from ethnic origins?
Because they were cheap laborers.
What were important factors driving immigration to the United States in the late 19th century?
Economic, political, social, and demographic factors drew immigrants. Industrial capitalism and the thought of the American dream also drew them
Which major city was the first city to construct a subway system?
Boston
Who was the publisher of the New York World in the 1880’s?
Joseph Pulitzer
What political system rewarded supporters and contributors to election with government jobs?
Spoil system
Why did Congress pass the Pendleton Civil Act in January 1883?
To stop the Spoil system from happening
What was the Gilded Age?
The era of poverty and inequality. Ex- Rockefeller and Gould
What was the Homestead Strike?
Industrial lockout that culminated in a battle that strikers defeated private security agents.
Greenback Party
organized in 1876 to campaign for expansion of the supply of a national paper money (Anti Monopoly)
Populist party
Known as “the people’s party, opened its convention on July 4th, 1892. It was a religious revival. The populists presented a long list of reforms, including that popular election of senators, a graduated income tax, antitrust legislation, and public ownership of railroad
Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)
Provided that federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that the government employees be selected through competitive exams
Civil Service Commission
Created from the Pendleton Civil Service Act. It was to administer competitive examinations to applicants for government jobs.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Required the U.S. Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver bouillon each month. Results were that it diminished gold reserves.
Knights of Labor
The first major labor organization in the US. (1869). Open to all workers, declined after 1886. Disapproved strikes, supported many labor reforms, including cooperatives, favored broad political involvement.
Urban Political machine
The relative insignificance of mayors that created a political vacuum into which urban machines grew in political power. Immigrant residents benefited when the establishment ignored them.
Grand Army of the Republic
an illustration of the power of war memories and the importance of veterans pensions.
Machine bosses
Served an important function in urban life. The machine provided urban residents with jobs, legal assistance, food, and welfare. In return, the expected and usually received the votes of those benefiting from their efforts.
American Federation of Labor
Founded in 1886, open only to craft workers and organized by craft. Hostile to blacks and women. became major US labor organization after 1880s. Opposed political involvement, supported some labor reforms, approved of strikes.
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Founded in 1874, advocated for temperance (abstinence from drinking alcohol) as a way to make home life safer for women and children
Why did the Indian Resistance in the American West beyond the Mississippi fail in the latter 19th century?
The army had many technological advances over the Native Americans, the soldiers were better armed, and the army purposefully destroyed natural resources and exploited tribal rivalries.
Anti-Saloon league
Formed in 1895, wanted public anti-alcohol sentiment, enforcement of existing temperance law (DID NOT LIKE ALCOHOL)
Why did the Department of Indian Affairs decide to divide Indian lands into small tribal territories, or reservations, in 1851?
They needed to clear room for railroads, wanted to avoid conflict
Why did immigrant groups rely on migratory chains in the late 19th century?
They needed to be able to rely on friends and family as a support network to help them get established in America.
Order of States Established AFTER the Civil War
1 Nebraska
2 Colorado
3 North Dakota
4 South Dakota
5 Montana
6 Washington
7 Idaho
8 Wyoming
Pacific Railroad Act Passed; Homestead Act passed
1862
Transcontinental Railroad completed
1869
Red River War
1874
Congress prohibits Chinese Immigration
1882
George Westinghouse
developed the first alternating current system to allow transmission of electricity over longer distances. (1886)
