Unit 8: Progressives & Imperialism Flashcards
Imperialism
a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Chicago’s World Fair
The World’s Columbian Exposition was a world’s fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the New World in 1492
Frederick Douglass
was an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman.
Ida B. Wells
was an African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, feminist, Georgist, and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement.
Josiah Strong
was an American Protestant clergyman, organizer, editor and author. He was a leader of the Social Gospel movement, calling for social justice and combating social evils
White Man’s Burden
a poem about the Philippine–American War (1899–1902), which invites the U.S. to assume colonial control of that country; the poem was published in The New York Sun, on 10 February 1899
Sandwich Islands
an archipelago, named by James Cook, which is part of the British overseas territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in the south Atlantic Ocean
Good Neighbor Policy
The policy’s main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America
Pan-American Conference
The Conferences of American States, commonly referred to as the Pan-American Conferences, were meetings of the Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade
Great White Fleet
was the popular nickname for the powerful United States Navy battle fleet that completed a journey around the globe from 16 December 1907, to 22 February 1909, by order of United States President Theodore Roosevelt
The Influence of Sea Power upon American History
In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a lecturer in naval history and the president of the United States Naval War College, published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783, a revolutionary analysis of the importance of naval power as a factor in the rise of the British Empire
Queen Liliuokalani
was a composer of Hawaiian music, an author, and the last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii. She reigned from January 29, 1891, until the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893
Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion, Boxer Uprising or Yihequan Movement a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty. Wikipedia
Spanish-American War
was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain’s Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War
Cuba Libre
Cuban independence and Cuban revolution, declared Cuba free but we still had full control of their decisions and money
USS Maine
an American naval ship that sank in Havana Harbor during the Cuban revolt against Spain, an event that became a major political issue in the United States
Yellow Journalism
a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering or sensationalism.
Rough Riders
a nickname given to the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish–American War and the only one of the three to see action. The United States Army was small and understaffed in comparison to its status during the American Civil War roughly thirty years prior
Platt Amendment
was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish–American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions. It defined the terms of Cuban–U.S. relations to essentially be an unequal one of U.S. dominance over Cuba
Cuban-American Treaty of 1903
The lease treaty agreed to from February 16-23, 1903 stipulates that the Republic of Cuba lease to the United States specific lands in Cuba, notably the land that surrounds Guantánamo Bay, for the purpose of coaling and naval stations, for as long as necessary
Emilio Aguinaldo
was a Filipino revolutionary, politician, and a military leader who is officially recognized as the First President of the Philippines and first president of a constitutional republic in Asia
Philippine-American War
was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina; Filipino: Republikang Pilipino) and the United States that lasted from February 4, 1899 to July 2, 1902. The war was a continuation of the Filipino struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution. The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain, ending the Spanish–American War
Anti-Imperialist League
was an organization established on June 15, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular area
Progressives
is the term applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems rapid industrialization introduced to America. Progressivism began as a social movement and grew into a political movement. The early progressives rejected Social Darwinism.
Jacob Riis
was a Danish-American social reformer, “muckraking” journalist and social documentary photographer
How the Other Half Lives
Studies among the Tenements of New York (1890) was an early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s
Jane Addams
known as the “mother” of Social Work, was a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace
Hull Houses
the most prominent American settlement house; established in Chicago in 1889 by Jane Addams; located in a poor immigrant neighborhood of Greeks, Italians, Russians, and Germans; offered instruction in English, counseling to help newcomers cope with American big-city life, child-care services for working mothers, and cultural activities for neighborhood residents
Florence Kelley
was a social and political reformer. Her work against sweatshops, and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children’s rights is widely regarded today
U.S. Children’s Bureau
a federal agency organized under the United States Department of Health and Human Services’ Administration for Children and Families. Today, the bureau’s operations involve improving child abuse prevention, foster care, and adoption
Graft
The corrupt acquisition of funds, through outright theft or embezzling or through questionably legal methods like kickback or insider trading
Tammany Hall
It was the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s
Political Machine
a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts
Big Tim
NYC politician who controlled the Bowery and Lower East Side districts in Tammany Hall as Ward Boss; he ran the crime/gang scene from 14th street to Battery Park. Important because it illustrates how in America, local bosses and politicians matter and City/Ward Bosses are uniquely American. America has decentralized government, no national police force, which makes corruption easier and gives local people more control
National Municipal League
Founded in 1894 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; where politicians, policy-makes, journalists, and educators (such as Teddy Roosevelt) met to converse about US cities; still existing under the National Civic League
Fighting Bob
Robert Marion “Fighting Bob” La Follette Sr. was an American Republican politician. He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, was the Governor of Wisconsin, and was a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1906 to 1925
“Wisconsin Idea”
a philosophy embraced by the University of Wisconsin System (UW System) that holds that university research should be applied to solve problems and improve health, quality of life, the environment, and agriculture for all citizens of the state
Direct Primary
An election in which voters choose candidates to run on a party’s ticket in a subsequent election for public office
Black Disenfranchisement
poll tax, property qualification, literacy tests
Muckrakers
was used in the Progressive Era to characterize reform-minded American journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders as corrupt. They typically had large audiences in some popular magazines
S. S. McClure
Samuel Sidney McClure was an American publisher who became known as a key figure in investigative, or muckraking, journalism. He co-founded and ran McClure’s Magazine from 1893 to 1911
Upton Sinclair
was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. Sinclair’s work was well-known and popular in the first half of the twentieth century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943
Frank Lester Ward
was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist. He served as the first president of the American Sociological Association. Ward promoted the introduction of sociology courses into American higher education
John Dewey
was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr
was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1902 to 1932, and as Acting Chief Justice of the United States January–February 1930
Lochner v. New York
was a landmark US labor law case in the US Supreme Court, holding that limits to working time violated the Fourteenth Amendment
Muller v. Oregon
was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. It was used to justify both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws
Brandeis Brief
was a pioneering legal brief that was the first in United States legal history to rely more on a compilation of scientific information and social science than on legal citations
Eugenics
the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
an active temperance organization that was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform with a program that “linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied Christianity
- Frances Willard: “Do everything”
- Carrie Nation: ax wielding saloon destroyer
“The Social Evil”
Prostitution; crusades against it had appeared throughout the century, however seemed to peak between 1895 and 1905; new urgency stemmed from growth of cities. Between 1908 and 1914, exposes of “the white slave traffic” became a national sensation; dozens of books,articles, and motion pictures alleged an international conspiracy to seduce and sell girls into prostitution
Mann Act
1910 made it a federal offense to transport women across state lines for “immoral purposes”
National Board of Censorship
By 1908, movies had become the most popular form of cheap entertainment in america; progressive reformers seized the chance to help regulate the new medium as a way of improving the commercial recretation of the urban poor… established this where a revolving group of civic activists reviewed new movies, passing them, suggesting changes, or condemning them
Smith-Hughes Act of 1917
was an act of the United States Congress that promoted vocational agriculture to train people “who have entered upon or who are preparing to enter upon the work of the farm,” and provided federal funds for this purpose.
Issei
a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to specify the Japanese people who were first to immigrate
Women’s Trade Union League
was a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions
Uprising of the 20,000
Labor strike involving primarily Jewish women working in New York shirtwaist factories that began in November 1909 and ended with the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in March 1911
Triangle Shirtwaist Company
a fire in New York’s Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers, including the establishment of the New York State Factory Investigation Commission
Ludlow Massacre
The violent deaths of 20 people, 11 of them children, during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families in Colorado on April 20, 1914
Samuel Gompers
was an English-born, American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history
IWW
Industrial Workers of the World; William Haywood emerged as the most influential and flamboyant spokesman…members called Wobblies; denounced AFL for its conservative emphasis on organizing skilled workers by trade; insisted that IWW would exclude no one from its ranks; concentrated their efforts on miners, lunberjacks, sailors, harvest stiffs, and other casual laborers
Bohemian
During the 1910’s, a small but influential community of painters, jounralists, poets, social workers, lawyers, and political activists coalesced in the NYC neighborhood of Greenwich Village; radicals, shared a deep sympathy toward the struggles of labor, passion for modern art, and an openness to socialism and anarchism; “Village Bohemians” esp women, challenged the double standard of Victorian sexual morality, rejected traitional marriage and sex roles, advocated birth control, and experimented homosexually; became a powerful national symbol for rebellion
Margret Sanger
was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term “birth control”, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America
Greenwich Village
Bohemian” neighborhood that believed in socialism – however, more important were the aesthetic values than the socialistic issues; limited immigrant influence – ideas adopted later
General Federation of Women’s Clubs
This club was formed to coordinate the activities of local organizations and gained more than 100,000 members in nearly 500 clubs in 1892 and the clubs grew rapidly from there. The clubs often contributed to social reform
National Consumers’ League
Formed in the 1890s under the leadership of Florence Kelley, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions for women workers
Family Limitation
Margaret Sanger’s 1914 pamphlet “Family Limitation”, which was a basic instructional manual of basic family planning techniques
Broker T. Washington
Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book “Up from Slavery.”
Talented Tenth
a term that designated a leadership class of African Americans in the early 20th century. The term was created by Northern philanthropists, then publicized by W. E. B.
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Birth of a Nation
A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans
Bully Pulpit
is a conspicuous position that provides an opportunity to speak out and be listened to. This term was coined by United States President Theodore Roosevelt, who referred to his office as a “bully pulpit”, by which he meant a terrific platform from which to advocate an agenda
Northern Securities v. U.S.
The Court ruled 5 to 4 against the stockholders of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railroad companies, who had essentially formed a monopoly, and to dissolve the Northern Securities Company
Hepburn Act
This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods
Gifford Pinchot
head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them
John Muir
United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914)
Yosemite Act of 1890
created Yosemite National Park in order to protect the natural, undeveloped land
Square Deal
was President Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program. He explained in 1910. His policies reflected three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. These three demands are often referred to as the “three C’s” of Roosevelt’s Square Deal. Thus, it aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor
New Nationalism
Roosevelt’s progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson’s domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.
Clayton Antitrust Act
Corrected the problems of the Sherman Antitrust Act; outlawed certain practices that restricted competition; unions on strike could no longer be considered violating the antitrust acts
Federal Commission Act
A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy
Scientific Management
The principle that Frederick Taylor began; stated that each worker should do the same task over and over to maximize efficiency.
