Unit 2 Vocabulary Flashcards
Albany Plan of Union
Unified recruiting of troops and tax system
Iroquois Confederacy
3 Groups of Native Americans
William Pitt
Focused on conquering Canada
- Defeated French Forces
- Addressed grievances of Native Americans to gain support
Peace of Paris 1763
- France lost most of North American possessions
- Spain cedes Florida to Great Britain
Pontiac’s Rebellion
a war that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the French and Indian War (1754–1763)
Proclamation of 1763
Prevented settlement past the Appalachian Mountains
Republicanism
- Renaissance and the Enlightenment
A just society provides the greatest possible liberty to individuals
John Locke
- The authority of a ruler should be conditional
- People should be able to overthrow the government that does not uphold its promises
- Government gets its power from the people
Sugar Act 1764
Colonists pay % on sugar imported in order to raise revenue
Stamp Act 1765
Taxed goods produced within the colonies
- Newspapers, letters, legal documents
Virtual Representation
stated that the members of Parliament, including the Lords and the Crown-in-Parliament, reserved the right to speak for the interests of all British subjects, rather than for the interests of only the district that elected them or for the regions in which they held peerages and spiritual sway.
- Was the British response to the First Continental Congress in the American colonies.
Virginia Stamp Resolution Act 1765
Patrick Henry, 4 out of 7 pass
- Colonists deserve same rights as Englishmen
Declaratory Act
Parliament has authority over colonies
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
Daughters:
were a successful Colonial American group, established in the year 1765, that consisted of women who displayed their loyalty by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts; rebel against British taxes by making home goods instead of buying them from the British
Sons:
was an organization of American colonists that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765
Boston Massacre
Mob rule takes over in Boston as Britain tries to enforces acts. Troops were quartered in city to protest officials from Sons of Liberty. Crowd taunted guards outside a customs house. Soldiers fired in the crowd, killing 5 people.
Boston Tea Party
Tea Act made prices of British tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea. Colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor
Intolerable (Coercive) Acts
Parliament angered by Tea Party and try to harm MA
- Port Bill
- MA Government
- Quartering Act
- Administration of Justice Act
- Quebec Act
First Continental Congress- Sept 1774
All colonies except Georgia send representatives to Philly
- Determine how the colonies should react to the Intolerable Acts
Olive Branch Petition-July 1775
was a letter to King George III, from members of the Second Continental Congress, which represents the last attempt by the moderate party in North America to avoid a war of independence against Britain
Stamp Act Congress- 1765
NYC, attempt at unified protest
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania”
John Dickinson, colonies had right to govern internal affairs. Raising money by taxation was unconstitutional
James Otis
Lawyer who represented colonists in arguing against writs of assistance
Massachusetts Circular Letter
Samuel Adams, Townshed Acts are unconstitutional because colonists not represented in Parliament. Colonists should only be taxed by their own representative assemblies
Lord Fredrick North
was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. He led Great Britain through most of the American War of Independence
Crispus Attucks
was the first person killed in the Boston massacre, in Boston, Massachusetts, and is widely considered to be the first American casualty in the American Revolutionary War. He may have been a Native American slave or freeman, merchant seaman and dockworker of Wampanoag and African descent. His father was an African-born slave and his mother a Native American.
Committees of Correspondence
rallied colonial opposition against British policy and established a political union among the Thirteen Colonies
Gaspee Incident
- Committees of Correspondence
British customs ship that caught smugglers. Ran aground and colonists attacked ship. Guilty colonists brought to Britain for trail.
Port Act
1) A direct action against the city for the Tea Party. The legislation dictated that the port of Boston was closed to all shipping until full restitution was made to the East India Company and the King for the lost tea and taxes.
2) the colony’s seat of government should be moved to Salem and Marblehead made a port of entry
- The Act punished the entire city rather than the few responsible
Massachusetts Government Act
1) Increase royal control over the colony’s administration
2) executive council would no longer be democratically elected and its members would instead be appointed by the king
Administration of Justice Act
Royal officials could change the location of a trial when charged with a crime in fulfilling their duties
- Colonists couldn’t afford to leave work for their trials
Quartering Act
Invasion of property
- Colonists paid taxes of the British Soldiers
Quebec Act
Ensured the loyal of the King’s Canadian subjects; enlarged Quebec’s borders and allowed free practice of Catholicism. Government controlled Quebec with a Central Government
- Ohio was promised to colonists
- Fearful of the spread of Catholicism
- Threat to colonists in centralizing colonial government
Enlightenment
a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith
Deism
belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind
Rationalism
a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
was a Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. His political philosophy influenced the Enlightenment in France and across Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the overall development of modern political and educational thought
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
was a document written by the Stamp Act Congress and passed on October 14, 1765. It declared that taxes imposed on British colonists without their formal consent were unconstitutional
Paul Revere
was an American silversmith, engraver, early industrialist, and a Patriot in the American Revolution. He is best known for alerting the colonial militia to the approach of British forces before the battles of Lexington and Concord, as dramatized in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem, “Paul Revere’s Ride” (1861)
John Jay
was an American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, signatory of the Treaty of Paris, and first Chief Justice of the United States (1789–95)
Suffolk Resolves
was a declaration made on September 9, 1774 by the leaders of Suffolk County, Massachusetts, of which Boston is the major city. The declaration rejected the Massachusetts Government Act and resolved on a boycott of imported goods from Britain unless the Intolerable Acts were repealed
Minutemen
were civilian colonists who independently organized to form well-prepared militia companies self-trained in weaponry, tactics and military strategies from the American colonial partisan militia during the American Revolutionary War. They were also known for being ready in a minute’s notice. They provided a highly mobile, rapidly deployed force that allowed the colonies to respond immediately to war threats, hence the name
Lexington and Concord
General Thomas Gage: Commander of British troops in Boston
- Sent troops to seize supplies
- Militia of Lexington prepare to halt the British (Colonists Won)
- Moved onto Concord and destroyed military supplies (British Won)
Prohibitory Act- 1775
was passed as a measure of retaliation by Great Britain against the general rebellion then going on in the American colonies, which became known as the American Revolutionary War
Declaration of the Cause and Necessities for Taking Up Arms
was a document issued by the Second Continental Congress on July 6, 1775, to explain why the Thirteen Colonies had taken up arms in what had become the American Revolutionary War
Thomas Jefferson
was an American Founding Father and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Jefferson was a proponent of democracy, republicanism, and individual rights, which motivated American colonists to break from Great Britain and form a new nation. He produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national level
Patriots
(also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or American Whigs) were those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation.
Loyalists
were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War.
Valley Forge
was the military camp 18 miles northwest of Philadelphia where the American Continental Army spent the winter of 1777–78 during the American Revolutionary War. Starvation, disease, malnutrition, and exposure killed more than 2,500 American soldiers by the end of February 1778.
General George Washington sought quarters for his men with winter almost setting in, and with greatly diminishing prospects for campaigning. Washington and his troops had fought in early December what was the last major engagement of 1777 at the Battle of White Marsh (or Edge Hill)
George Rogers Clark
was a surveyor, soldier, and militia officer from Virginia and the highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War
Battle of Saratoga
marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War
- Saratoga Campaign-1777: was an attempt by the British high command for North America to gain military control of the strategically important Hudson River valley during the American Revolutionary War
Battle of Yorktown
was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British lord and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis.
The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American theater, as the surrender by Cornwallis, and the capture of both him and his army, prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict. The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war, as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain.
Peace of Paris 1783
negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, ended the revolutionary war and recognized American independence. The Continental Congress named a five-member commission to negotiate a treaty–John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens
Mt. Vernon Conference
was a meeting of delegates from Virginia and Maryland held March 21–28, 1785, to discuss navigational rights in the states’ common waterways
Annapolis Convention
was a national political convention held September 11–14, 1786 at Mann’s Tavern in Annapolis, Maryland, in which twelve delegates from five states–New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia–gathered to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected
Constitutional Convention
Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States
James Madison
was a political theorist, American statesman, and the fourth President of the United States (1809–17). He is hailed as the “Father of the Constitution” for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights
Alexander Hamilton
was an American statesman. One of the Founding Fathers of the United States, he was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution, as well as the founder of the nation’s financial system, the Federalist Party, the United States Coast Guard and The New York Post newspaper. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton was the main author of the economic policies of the George Washington administration. Hamilton took the lead in the funding of the states’ debts by the Federal government, the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs, and friendly trade relations with Britain. He was opposed by the Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. They denounced Hamilton as too friendly toward Britain and to monarchy in general
John Dickenson
a Founding Father of the United States, was a solicitor and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Wilmington, Delaware known as the “Penman of the Revolution” for his twelve Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, published individually in 1767 and 1768.
As a member of the First Continental Congress, where he was a signee to the Continental Association, Dickinson drafted most of the 1774 Petition to the King, and then as a member of the Second Continental Congress wrote the 1775 Olive Branch Petition, two attempts to negotiate with King George III of Great Britain.
When these failed, he reworked Thomas Jefferson’s language and wrote the final draft of the 1775 Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms. When Congress then decided to seek independence, Dickinson served on the committee that wrote the Model Treaty, and then wrote the first draft of the 1776–1777 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union.
Dickinson later served as President of the 1786 Annapolis Convention, which called for the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which Dickinson then attended as a delegate from Delaware.
Checks and Balances
counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups
Seven Years War (1754-1763)
It involved every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia’s ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world’s predominant power, altering the European balance of power
Neolin
was a prophet of the Lenni Lenape (also known as Delaware) from the area of Muskingum County, Ohio.
Inspired by a religious vision in 1761, Neolin proclaimed that Native Americans needed to reject the goods and lifestyles of the European settlers and return to a more traditional lifestyle, specifically rejecting alcohol, materialism, and polygamy. Neolin’s most famous follower was Pontiac
Germ Warfare
the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war
Internal Tax
levied directly upon the property and goods of the colonists
- Ex: Stamp Act
External Tax
taxed only goods imported into the colonies
- Ex: Sugar Act
Battle of Bunker Hill
On June 17, 1775, early in the Revolutionary War (1775-83), the British defeated the Americans at the Battle of Bunker Hill in Massachusetts
Common Sense
advocated independence for the American colonies from Britain and is considered one of the most influential pamphlets in American history. Credited with uniting average citizens and political leaders behind the idea of independence, “Common Sense” played a remarkable role in transforming a colonial squabble into the American Revolution
George Washington
was the first President of the United States (1789–97), the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He presided over the convention that drafted the current United States Constitution and during his lifetime was called the “father of his country”
Salutary Neglect
an American history term that refers to the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England
King George III
was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death
Whigs
were a political faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they contested power with their rivals, the Tories
Parliament
the highest legislature, consisting of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons
Patrick Henry
Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) was an American attorney, planter and politician who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia. A Founding Father, he served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virginia, from 1776 to 1779 and from 1784 to 1786.
Henry led the opposition to the Stamp Act 1765 and is remembered for his “Give me liberty, or give me death!” speech. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, he is regarded as one of the most influential champions of Republicanism and an enthusiastic promoter of the American Revolution and its fight for independence.
After the Revolution, Henry was a leader of the anti-federalists in Virginia. He opposed the United States Constitution, fearing that it endangered the rights of the States as well as the freedoms of individuals; he helped gain adoption of the Bill of Rights. However, by 1798 he supported President John Adams and the Federalists
Writs of Assistance
Issued by court, permits an official to do a certain tax
- Ex: Search w/o warrant
Samuel Adams
was an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to President John Adams
