Unit 1: Colonial Beginnings

Question 1

Maize Cultivation

Answer 1

“They discovered new crops, all above maize (corn), which became an important staple among the settlers. Columbus took corn back to Europe from his first trip to American, and it soon spread through much of Europe as well”

Question 2

Hunting and Gathering

Answer 2

“Later in the Archaic period, population also began to develop new tools to perform work. Among them were nets and hooks for fishing, traps for smaller animals, and baskets for gathering berries, nuts, seeds, and other plants”

Question 3

Mixed Economy Native Americans

Answer 3

Incas:

• Empire 2,000 miles eastern coast of South America
• Created by persuasion
• Innovative Administrative Systems
• Large Network of paved roads

Mayans/ Aztec/ Mexica:

• More Sophisticated culture
• Written language, numerical system, accurate calendar
• Advanced Agricultural system
• Trade routes
• Aqueducts
• Schools
• Organized military
• Medical system
• Slave workforce

Question 4

Spanish and Portuguese Exploration

Answer 4

Spanish:

• More resources to maritime exploration (Seafaring nation)
• Wealth
• Age of Conquest
• Colonization
• Catholic Church/ Mission
• Agricultural economy

Portuguese:

• First to explore (Africa)
• Christian Empire (Africa)
• Wealth (Africa)

Question 5

Feudalism

Answer 5

The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lord’s land and give him homage, labor and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection

Question 6

Humanism

Answer 6

the spirit of learning that developed at the end of the middle ages with the revival of classical letters and a renewed confidence in the ability of human beings to determine for themselves truth and falsehood.

Question 7

Prince Henry the Navigator

Answer 7

“Henry’s own principal interest was exploring the western coast of Africa”

• Christian Empire
• Gold

Question 8

Ferdinand and Isabella

Answer 8

“…the marriage of Spain’s two most powerful regional rulers, Ferdinand of Argon and Isabella of Castile, had produced the strongest monarchy in Europe”

• Show strength by funding ventures

Question 9

Christopher Columbus

Answer 9

• Born in Genoa, Italy
• Sea experience from Portugal
• Believed world was smaller than it actually is
• Believed he was God’s “messenger of the new heaven and new earth”

Question 10

Amerigo Vespucci

Answer 10

Florentine merchant (member of a later Portuguese expedition) “wrote a series of vivid descriptions of the lands he visited and who recognized the Americas as two continents”

Question 11

Ecomiendas System

Answer 11

Licenses to exact labor and tribute from the natives in specific areas

Question 12

Hernando Cortés

Answer 12

• Spanish Government official in Cuba for 14 years (little success)
• Went to Mexico in search of gold
• Cortés’s army exposed the Aztecs to a Smallpox epidemic

Question 13

Genocide

Answer 13

the deliberate killing of a large group of people of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Question 14

Bartolomeu Dias

Answer 14

In 1486 rounded the southern tip of Africa

Question 15

Virgin Soil Epidemics

Answer 15

“in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless.””

Question 16

Bartolome de la Casas

Answer 16

16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican Friar who “opposed the atrocities committed against the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists. In 1515, he reformed his views, gave up his Indian slaves and encomienda, and advocated, before King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, on behalf of rights for the natives.”

Question 17

Ponce de Leon

Answer 17

“was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. He became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the Spanish crown. He led the first known European expedition to La Florida, which he named during his first voyage to the area in 1513. Though in popular culture, he was supposedly searching for the Fountain of Youth,”

• Settlement: St. Augustine, FL

Question 18

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 18

“divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and the Crown of Castile……The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile. The treaty was signed by Spain, 2 July 1494 and by Portugal, 5 September 1494.”

Question 19

Mestizos

Answer 19

“a person of combined European and Amerindian descent”

Question 20

Mulatto

Answer 20

“a person of mixed white and black ancestry, esp. a person with one white and one black parent.”

Question 21

John Cabot

Answer 21

“a Genoese navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of parts of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England is commonly held to have been the first European exploration of the mainland of North America since the Norse Vikings’ visits to Vinland in the 11th-century. “

Question 22

Jacques Cartier

Answer 22

“a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France”

Question 23

Elizabeth I

Answer 23

“In 1558, Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel…One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England”

Question 24

Sir Walter Raleigh

Answer 24

“he became a landlord of property confiscated from the native Irish. He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen Elizabeth I…and was instrumental in the English colonisation of North America and was granted a royal patent to explore Virginia, which paved the way for future English settlements”

Question 25

Samuel de Champlain

Answer 25

“The Father of New France”, was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He founded New France and Quebec City on July 3, 1608. He is important to Canadian history because he made the first accurate map of the coast and he helped establish the settlements.”

Question 26

Joint Stock Company

Answer 26

“businesses of sorts, where wealthy Englishmen would invest money in one, and in return they would get a percentage of the profits these companies made from trade in the new world. the most well known joint stock company was the Virginia Company (Founded Jamestown, Virginia)”

Question 27

John Rolfe

Answer 27

“He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.”

Question 28

House of Burgesses

Answer 28

the lower house of the colonial Virginia legislature.

Question 29

Proprietary Colony

Answer 29

“…was a type of British colony mostly in North America and the Caribbean in the 17th century. In the British Empire, all land belonged to the ruler, and it was his prerogative to divide.”

Question 30

George Calvert

Answer 30

“Sir George looked for a more suitable spot further south and sought a new royal charter to settle the region, which would become the state of Maryland. Calvert died before the new Charter was sealed, leaving the settlement of the Maryland colony to his son Cecil, (1605–1675). His second son Leonard Calvert, (1606–1647), was the first colonial governor of the Province of Maryland.”

Question 31

Act of Toleration

Answer 31

May 24, 1689- act of Parliament granting freedom of worship to Nonconformists (i.e., dissenting Protestants such as Baptists and Congregationalists).

Question 32

Head right Grants

Answer 32

“Legal grant of land to settlers; Most headrights were given to anyone willing to cross the Atlantic Ocean and help populate the colonies. Headrights were granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer or indentured servant. These land grants consisted of 50 acres for someone newly moving to the area and 100 acres for people previously living in the area”

Question 33

Puritans

Answer 33

“a group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to “purify” the Church of England from most Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed.”

Question 34

Mayflower Compact

Answer 34

“the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the male passengers of the Mayflower, consisting of separatist Congregationalists who called themselves “Saints”, and adventurers and tradesmen, most of whom were referred to by the Separatists as “Strangers””

Question 35

William Bradford

Answer 35

“an English Separatist and helped found the Plymouth Colony. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact while aboard the Mayflower in 1620. He served as Plymouth Colony Governor five times, covering about thirty years between 1621 and 1657”

Question 36

John Winthrop

Answer 36

“an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in what is now New England after Plymouth Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony’s first 20 years of existence. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan “city upon a hill” dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies.”

Question 37

The Great Migration

Answer 37

“was the period in American history when twenty thousand English men, women, and children crossed the Atlantic Ocean to settle New England between 1620 and 1640.”

Question 38

Roger Williams

Answer 38

“a Puritan, an English Reformed theologian, and later a Reformed Baptist who was an early proponent of religious freedom and separation of church and state, and a supporter of members of the Free Will Baptist movement.

He was expelled by the Puritan leaders from the colony of Massachusetts because they thought that he was spreading “new and dangerous ideas”, so he began the colony of Providence Plantation in 1636 which provided a refuge for religious minorities. Williams was a member of the first Baptist church in America, the First Baptist Church of Providence.

Williams was also a student of Native American languages, an early advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans, and one of the first abolitionists in North America and having organized the first attempt to prohibit slavery in any of the British American colonies.”

Question 39

Thomas Hooker

Answer 39

“prominent Puritan colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage.”

Question 40

Fundamental Order of Connecticut

Answer 40

“January 15, 1639 OS (January 24, 1639 NS).The orders describe the government set up by the waters of Connecticut. They wanted the government to access the ocean for trading.”

Question 41

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 41

• Puritan
• MA Bay Colony
• “key figure in the development of religious freedom in England’s American colonies and the history of women in ministry. She challenged the authority of the ministers, exposing the subordination of women in the culture of colonial Massachusetts. She is honoured by Massachusetts with a State House monument calling her a “courageous exponent of civil liberty and religious toleration.” She has been called the most famous, or infamous, English woman in colonial American history.”

Question 42

The Act of Trade and Navigation

Answer 42

“These acts were designed to tighten the government’s control over trade between England, its colonies, and the rest of the world.”

Question 43

William Penn

Answer 43

“founded the Province of Pennsylvania, the British North American colony that became the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The democratic principles that he set forth served as an inspiration for the United States Constitution. Ahead of his time, Penn also published a plan for a United States of Europe, “European Dyet, Parliament or Estates.”

Question 44

King Philips War

Answer 44

“King Philip’s War (1675-1676) marked the last major effort by the Native Americans of southern New England to drive out the English settlers. With tensions spilling over following the collapse of trade partnerships and aggressive expansion of colonist territories, Pokunoket chief Metacom — a.k.a. King Philip — led a bloody uprising of Wampanoag, Nipmuck, Pocumtuck and Narragansett tribes. The fighting lasted fourteen months and destroyed twelve frontier towns, ending shortly after Metacom was captured and beheaded. Some of his supporters escaped to Canada, while others who surrendered were sold into slavery.”

Question 45

Bacon’s Rebellion

Answer 45

“an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. The colony’s dismissive policy as it related to the political challenges of its western frontier, along with other challenges including leaving Bacon out of his inner circle, refusing to allow Bacon to be a part of his fur trade with the Native Americans, and Doeg tribe Indian attacks, helped to motivate a popular uprising against Berkeley, who had failed to address the demands of the colonists regarding their safety.”

Question 46

King Williams War

Answer 46

“was the North American theater of the Nine Years’ War. It was the first of six colonial wars fought between New France and New England along with their respective Native allies before France ceded its remaining mainland territories in North America east of the Mississippi River in 1763.”

Question 47

Domination of New England

Answer 47

“1686–1689) was an administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America. Its political structure represented centralized control more similar to the model used by the Spanish monarchy. The dominion was unacceptable to most colonists, because they deeply resented being stripped of their traditional rights. Governor Sir Edmund Andros tried to make legal and structural changes, but most of these were undone and the Dominion was overthrown as soon as word was received that King James had left the throne in England. One notable change was the introduction of the Church of England into Massachusetts, whose Puritan leaders had previously refused to allow it any sort of foothold.”

Question 48

Edmund Andros

Answer 48

“was an English colonial administrator in North America. He was the governor of the Dominion of New England during most of its three-year existence. At other times, Andros served as governor of the provinces of New York, East and West Jersey, Virginia, and Maryland.”

Question 49

Middle Passage

Answer 49

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

Question 50

Mercantilism

Answer 50

“belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.
historical
the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.”

Question 51

Peace/ Treaty of Utrecht

Answer 51

“The Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, is a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. The treaties between several European states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic, helped end the war.”

Question 52

Triangle Trade Route

Answer 52

a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions.

Question 53

The Great Awakening

Answer 53

“resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of personal guilt and of their need of salvation by Christ. Pulling away from ritual and ceremony, the Great Awakening made religion intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual guilt and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality”

Question 54

Jonathan Edwards

Answer 54

“Edwards is widely regarded as “one of America’s most important and original philosophical theologians”. Edwards’ theological work is broad in scope, but he was rooted in Reformed theology, the metaphysics of theological determinism, and the Puritan heritage. Recent studies have emphasized how thoroughly Edwards grounded his life’s work on conceptions of beauty, harmony, and ethical fittingness, and how central The Enlightenment was to his mindset. Edwards played a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening”

Question 55

George Whitefield

Answer 55

“was an English Anglican cleric who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and, especially, in the American colonies. He was one of the founders of Methodism and of the evangelical movement generally. In 1740, Whitefield traveled to America, where he preached a series of revivals that came to be known as the “Great Awakening”. “

Question 56

Cotton Mathers

Answer 56

“was a socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister, prolific author, and pamphleteer. Known for his vigorous support for the Salem witch trials, he also left a scientific legacy due to his hybridization experiments and his promotion of inoculation for disease prevention.”

Question 57

Phillis Wheatly

Answer 57

was the first published African-American female poet.

Question 58

John Peter Zenger

Answer 58

was a German American printer and journalist in New York City