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HIST 170 C: History of the United States 1 > Unit 8: Part 2: The Civil War & Reconstruction > Flashcards

Unit 8: Part 2: The Civil War & Reconstruction Flashcards

1
Q

I. Overview

A

A. Generalizations
B. Prevailing Causation Theories
C. Effects of the Civil War

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2
Q

A. Generalization

A
  1. Captured American Imagination
  2. Huge Scope of Civilian/Military Involvement
  3. Lasting Social, Economic, Political Effects
  4. New Period of Race Relations
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3
Q

B. Prevailing Causation Theories

A
  1. Slavery: The “Irrepressible Conflict”
  2. Economic Determinism
  3. Clash of Cultures
  4. Constitutional Issue: State’s Rights vs Federalism
  5. “Blundering Generation” Theory
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4
Q

C. Effects of the Civil War

A
  1. Strengthen Role of Gov’t and Office of the Presidency
  2. Accelerates economic growth of North
  3. Devastates the Southern agri. System
  4. Strengthens the Republican Party
  5. Leads to the end of Slavery
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5
Q

II. The Secession Crisis

A

A. The South Withdraws
B. Attempt at Reconciliation: The Crittenden Compromise
C. Fort Sumter: (Charleston Harbor, South Carolina)
D. The Opposing Sides: Northern Advantage
E. The Opposing Sides: Southern Advantage

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6
Q

A. The South Withdraws

A
  1. South Carolina, 6 other states secede
  2. Form the Confederate States of America
  3. Seized Federal Property within borders
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7
Q

B. Attempt at Reconciliation: The Crittenden Compromise

A
  1. Permanent existence of Slavery within current slave states
  2. Reinforce Fugitive Slave Laws
  3. Re-establish Missouri Compromise Line
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8
Q

C. Fort Sumter: Charleston Harbor, South Carolina

A
  1. Running low on supplies, had to be provisioned or evacuated
  2. Lincoln sends relief expedition to the fort
  3. General Beauregard ordered to take the island before re-provisioning
  4. Major Anderson refuses to surrender, South bombards, starting hostilities
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9
Q

D. The Opposing Sides: Northern Advantages

A
  1. Population Advantage
  2. Greater Manpower in Battle, Workforce
  3. Superior Industry and Resources
  4. Superior Transportation System
  5. Lincoln superior to Jefferson Davis
  6. Claimed the Recognized Government
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10
Q

E. The Opposing Sides: Southern Advantages

A
  1. Large in Area, Difficult to Defeat
  2. Fighting a Defensive War
  3. At Home, on Familiar Territory
  4. Initially, High Morale
  5. Initial Advantage in Military Leadership
  6. Diplomatic Advantage
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11
Q

III. The Mobilization of the North

A

A. Economic Measures: Promoting Economic Growth
B. Economic Measures: Methods of Financing the War
C. Raising the Union Armies
D. Wartime Politics: Lincoln Acts Decisively
E. Lincoln Acts to Suppress Dissent
F. Lincoln’s War Aims and Slavery
G. The Emancipation Proclamation
H. Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation
I. The Black Soldier
J. War’s Effect on Northern Economic Development
K. Women and the War

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12
Q

A. Economic Measures: Promoting Economic Growth

A
  1. Aggressive Programs to Promote Economic Development in the West
  2. Passage of a series of tariff bills
  3. Steps to complete the Transcontinental Railroad
  4. Creation of a New Banking System (National Bank Acts, 1863-1964)
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13
Q

B. Economic Measures: Methods of Financing the War

A
  1. Levying Taxes
  2. Issuance of Paper Money: Greenbacks
  3. Loans from Private Citizens
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14
Q

C. Raising the Union Armies

A
  1. Volunteers
  2. National Draft Law, 1863
  3. Draft Riots
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15
Q

D. Wartime Politics: Lincoln Acts Decisively

A
  1. Assembled Inclusive Cabinet
  2. Sent Troops into Battle w/o a Declaration of War
  3. Increased Size of Regular Army
  4. Unilaterally proclaims Naval Blockade
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16
Q

E. Lincoln Acts to Suppress Dissent

A
  1. Military Arrests of Civilian Dissenters
  2. Suspends Right of Habeas Corpus
  3. Defied efforts by Supreme Court to Curb his authority
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17
Q

F. Lincoln’s War Aims and Slavery

A
  1. War Objective: Restore the Union
  2. Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the Border States
  3. Recommended Compensation for Owners
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18
Q

G. The Emancipation Proclamation

A
  1. Goal: Reunion, not Abolition
  2. All Confederate slaves declared free
  3. Order did not apply to Border States
  4. States could avoid emancipation by returning to the Union
  5. Paradox: No slaves were freed as a Result
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19
Q

H. Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation

A
  1. Transformed war into Social Revolution
  2. Invigorated Northern Sentiment
  3. Positive Diplomatic results for the North
  4. Strengthened Radical Republican
  5. Emergence of the Black Soldier
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20
Q

I. The Black Soldier

A
  1. Active Recruitment after Proclamation
  2. Active Fighting: Black Regiments
  3. “Behind-the-Lines” Tasks
  4. Conditions, Pay Unequal
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21
Q

J. War’s Effect on Northern Economic Development

A
  1. Enhances Overall Economic Development of the North
  2. Economic Expansion in Specific Sectors
  3. Increased Mechanization of Agriculture
  4. Increase in Union Membership
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22
Q

K. Women and the War

A
  1. Took over Roles Vacated by Men
  2. Nursing: U.S Sanitary Commission led by Dorothea Dix
  3. Stanton, Anthony fight for Abolition and Suffrage
  4. Suffered Loss and Dislocation
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23
Q

IV. The Mobilization of the South

A

A. The Confederate Government
B. Funding the Southern “Cause”
C. Manpower
D. Economic Effects in the South
E. Social Effects of the War

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24
Q

A. The Confederate Government

A
  1. Constitution upheld state sovereignty and slavery
  2. President: Jefferson Davis; Vice President: Alexander Stephens
  3. No Formal Political Parties
  4. Southern Political Divisions
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25
Q
  1. Southern Political Divisions
A

a. Backcountry vs Plantations

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26
Q

B. Funding the Southern “Cause”

A
  1. Liquid Assets Scarce
  2. Requisition Requests Turn to Taxation
  3. Borrowing a Failed Strategy
  4. Turned to Issuing Paper Currency
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27
Q
  1. Liquid Assets Scarce
A

Money in Land and Slaves

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28
Q

C. Manpower

A
  1. Volunteers
  2. Conscription Act
  3. Service Avoidance Stipulations
  4. Drop-off in conscription as North seized Southern territories
  5. Last Resort: Young, Old-Slaves
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29
Q
  1. Conscription Act
A

18-35, 3 years tour

30
Q

D. Economic Effects in the South

A
  1. Devastated Cotton Economy
  2. Wrecked havoc on Land, Resources
  3. Massive Shortages, due to Blockade
  4. Departure of Men led to Failure of Farms, Businesses
31
Q

E. Social Effects of the War

A
  1. Increased Instability Unrest
  2. Responsibilities Fell on the Women
  3. High Casualties led to Gender Imbalances
  4. Rethinking of Traditional Woman’s Role
  5. Increase in Slave Unrest, Runaways
32
Q

V. Strategy and Diplomacy

A

A. Lincoln’s Political Philosophy
B. Lincoln as Military Commander-in-Chief
C. Ulysses S. Grant
D. Robert E. Lee
E. Civil War Military Leaders
F. The Role of Naval Power
G. Europe and the “Disunited States”
H. The American West and the War

33
Q

A. Lincoln’s Political Philosophy

A
  1. Union Predated Constitution: No state could leave
  2. Violence supporting Secession = Insurrection, Treason
  3. U.S government to claim all federal property in seceded states
34
Q

B. Lincoln as Military Commander-in-Chief

A
  1. Pressed North’s Advantage in Size, Resources
  2. Objective: Destroy Confederate Army, Not Southern Occupation
  3. Excellent Grasp of Mil.Pol.Strategy
  4. Search for Able Military Leadership
35
Q

C. Ulysses S. Grant

A
  1. Gives Union a Unified High Command
  2. Broad Strategy of Concurrent Attack
  3. Methodical, Expert Deployment of Troops
  4. Relentless Pursuit of Lee’s Army, not capture of Southern territory
36
Q

D. Robert E. Lee

A
  1. West Point Grad, Served in U.S Army
  2. Turned down Lincoln’s Offer to Command
  3. Victorious, in the South; heavy losses when invading the North
  4. Irony: So able, he probably extended war
  5. Post War: Reconciliation, not guerilla war
37
Q

E. Civil War Military Leaders

A
  1. Graduates of West Point, Annapolis
  2. Trained Similarity, Familiar with each other
  3. Trained in Classic, 18th-century Warfare Models
  4. Most successful were those adopting modern style of Warfare (Grant, Sherran)
38
Q

F. The Role of Naval Power

A
  1. Union: Blockade deprived the South of imports and supplies
  2. Introduction of the Iron clads: Monitor vs the Merrimac
  3. Union Navy Supported Army in Field Operations
39
Q

G. Europe and the “Disunited States”

A
  1. Europe Initially Sympathetic to South
  2. Ultimate Failure of “King Cotton Diplomacy”
  3. European Neutrality angered Lincoln
  4. The Trent Affair
  5. Confederate purchase of British destroyers led to ill will with Union
40
Q

H. The American West and the War

A
  1. All but Texas Loyal to the Union
  2. Violence between Unionists, Secessionists
  3. Quantrill’s Raiders (pro-Confederate)
  4. The Kansas Jayhawkers (pro-Union)
  5. Confederate agents attempted alliance with Five Civilized Tribes
41
Q

VI. Battle Strategy, Weaponry

A

A. Southern Strategy
B. Northern Strategy
C. The South Behind the Lines
D. The North Behind the Lines
E. Nature of the War
F. The Role of the Railroad

42
Q

A. Southern Strategy

A
  1. Fight a Defensive War
  2. Cut off Supply of Cotton to Force Intervention
  3. Secure Official Diplomatic Recognition from Europe
43
Q

B. Northern Strategy

A
  1. Containment And Attack
  2. Maintain Europe’s Diplomatic Neutrality
  3. Naval Expansion, Blockade of South
  4. Tread lightly with Border States
  5. Invasion of the Confederacy
44
Q

C. The South Behind the Lines

A
  1. Early Victories “on a Shoestring”
  2. Declining Economy
  3. Strong Union Sentiment in some areas
  4. Conscription Problems
  5. State’s Rights hampered central government
  6. Jefferson Davis a flawed Leader
45
Q

D. The North Behind the Lines

A
  1. Initial Defeats, but strengthening
  2. Initial Money, Funding Problems
  3. Loss of Southern trade led to new inventions, business methods
  4. North United in War Effort
  5. Conscription Problems
  6. Lincoln inspired Confidence, Morale
46
Q

E. Nature of the War

A
  1. Massed Frontal Attacks led to Slaughter
  2. “Concentration of Force” Outmoded
  3. Necessity of Staying Low, Behind Cover
  4. Key: Fortifications and Trenches
  5. Naval Innovations: Iron clads, Submarines
47
Q

F. The Role of the Railroad

A
  1. Sheer numbers to be transported not possible by horse or wagon
  2. Drawback: Limits Mobility of Armies
  3. Dependence on Rail encouraged great Battles with large armies
48
Q

VII. The Course of Battle: The Early Years

A

A. First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run): July 21st, 1861
B. The Western Theater: 1862
C. The Virginia Front: 1862
D. 1863: The Year of Decision

49
Q

A. First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run): July 21st, 1861

A
  1. Confederates withstand Union assault, Launch Strong Counter-Offensive
  2. Union Troops panic, retreat to Washington
  3. Confederates, short on supplies, fail to pursue
  4. Key: Dispelled the illusion that the war would be short
50
Q

B. The Western Theater: 1862

A

Union Goal: Seize Control of Mississippi River, dividing the Confederacy in half and giving the North easy transport into the heart of the South

51
Q
  1. Capture of the New Orleans
A

Key: South’s largest port city, banking center fell to Union

52
Q
  1. General Grant takes Forts Henry and Donelson, Tennessee
A

Key: Union gains control of river communication

53
Q
  1. The Battle of Shiloh
A

Key: Union establishes control of the Mississippi to Memphis

54
Q
  1. The Battle of Murfreesboro (Stone’s River)
A

Key: Union establishes dominance in the West

55
Q

C. The Virginia Front: 1862

A
  1. Emergence of George McClellan
  2. The Peninsular Campaign
  3. The Emergence of Robert E. Lee
  4. Second Battle of Bull Run
  5. The Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
56
Q
  1. Second Battle of Bull Run
A

Key: Lincoln puts McClellan in charge of Union troops

57
Q
  1. The Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
A

a. Single bloodiest day of the war
b. McClellan removed from command

58
Q

D. 1863: The Year of Decision

A
  1. Battle of Chancellorsville
  2. The Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi: May-July 1963
  3. Reinforce Vicksburg or Invade the North? Lee Takes the Offensive
  4. The Battle of Gettysburg
59
Q
  1. Battle of Chancellorsville
A

a. South wins, but fails to destroy Union army
b. Death of Stonewall Jackson

60
Q
  1. The Siege if Vicksburg, Mississippi: May-July, 1963
A

a. Campaign cements Grant’s Reputation: by breaking from his base of operation: goes independent
b. Key Point: Confederacy cut in half

61
Q
  1. Reinforce Vicksburg or Invade the North? Lee Takes the Offensive
A

a. Capture much-needed supplies
b. Best defense is a good offense
c. Persuade European intervention
d. Demoralize the North

62
Q
  1. The Battle of Gettysburg
A

Key: South now always on defensive

63
Q

VIII. The End of the War

A

A. Grant Emerges as General of the Northern Forces
B. The Last Year of the War
C. Lincoln’s Last Days

64
Q

A. Grant Emerges as General of the Northern Forces

A
  1. Use Northern resources to defeat South
  2. Willing to absorb great losses
  3. Army of Potomac: Advance to Richmond force Lee into decisive battle
  4. Western Army: Advance to Atlanta
65
Q

B. The Last Year of the War

A
  1. Wilderness Campaign (1864-1865)
  2. The Siege of Petersburg (Virginia)
  3. Fall of Atlanta to Sherman
  4. Sherman’s March to the Sea
  5. Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox
66
Q
  1. Wilderness Campaign (1864-1865)
A

Key: Constant, concurrent attack

67
Q
  1. The Siege of Petersburg (Virginia)
A

Key: Union captures RR. center, cuts off Southern communications

68
Q
  1. Fall of Atlanta to Sherman
A

Key: Invigorate North, unify the Republican

69
Q
  1. Sherman’s March to the Sea
A

a. Involve general populace
b. Break the spirit of the South

70
Q

C. Lincoln’s Last Days

A
  1. Major goal: Restored the Union + Sees the End of Slavery
  2. Reconstruction Plans
  3. Assassinations, April 14th, 1865

HIST 170 C: History of the United States 1 (9 decks)

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