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HIST 170 C: History of the United States 1 > Unit 2: The Middle Colonies & Colonial Culture > Flashcards

Unit 2: The Middle Colonies & Colonial Culture Flashcards

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1
Q

Remarkable Pluralism:

A

Religious and Ethnic

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2
Q

Major Characteristics:

A
  1. Religious Liberty
  2. Democratic, egalitarian ideals
  3. Juxtaposition of rich farms, thriving commercial centers
  4. Complex economy
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3
Q

Economy of the Middle Colonies

A
  1. Large hinterland for exportable products
  2. Major products: wheat, flour, livestock, lumber
  3. Lucrative fur trade in Albany, New York
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4
Q

Conflicts in the Middle Colonies

A
  1. Pro-vs. Anti-Slavery
  2. Rural vs. Cosmopolitan: East Coast vs. the Western Frontier
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5
Q

The Middle Colonies

A

Maryland and the Calverts

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6
Q

Calverts

A

Personal background (1st proprietary grant)

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7
Q

Motives in Founding Maryland

A
  1. Outlet for the energies of the Baltimores
  2. Economic Profit
  3. Reason of State: Buffer between English Jamestown and Dutch Netherland
  4. Refugee for Catholics
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8
Q

Powers of the Proprietor

A
  1. Title to the land: total discretion
  2. Control of the colony’s trade
  3. Complete political power
  4. Make laws, control the courts
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9
Q

Colonization Incentives

A
  1. Headright system: land distribution
  2. Promise of true religious liberty
  3. An elected assembly: self-government
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10
Q

The Dutch Regime: New Netherland

A
  1. Dutch were mercantile: only commercial goals
  2. Dutch West Indies Co: Settlers only employees; no voice in government
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11
Q

The Patroon System

A

Anyone settling 50 adults on land would become Lord of the Manor

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12
Q

Consequences of the Patroon System

A
  1. Development of an aristocratic landholding system
  2. Hindered growth and development of the colony
  3. Rise of a privileged group of aristocratic land owner
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13
Q

Problems with the Dutch Rule of New Netherland

A
  1. English Puritans filtered in, making it hard to govern
  2. Conflicts with Native Americans (Wars in the 1640s)
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14
Q

Conflicts with Native Americans (Wars in the 1640s)

A

a. Arrival of Peter Stuyvesant as governor in 1647

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15
Q

Contributions of the Dutch

A
  1. Created an enduring commercial center (later New York)
  2. 1st body of non-English to retain ways and traditions
  3. Created a new configurations in American politics: voted: “Anti-English”
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16
Q

The English Restoration Affects Colonization in the America

A

1) Cromwell and the Puritan Roundheads beheaded the king in 1649
2) Rise of Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate
3) 1660: Restoration of Charles II to the throne
4) English claim New Netherland by reason of: “former expedition”
5) English expedition of 1664 met no Dutch resistance
6) Colony turned over to Duke of York, Charles’s brother and renamed New York

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17
Q

William Penn: A Valuable Asset

A

Educated, wealthy leader for the Quaker Cause, Embarks on the “Holy Experiment”

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18
Q

Quaker Religious Beliefs

A
  1. Spark of Divinity in all: “Inner Light”
  2. Man could perfect himself thru prayer
  3. Non-necessity of scripture, sacraments, or clergy
  4. Direct communion with Holy Spirit
  5. Sought to resist fleshly desires
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19
Q

Manifestation of Quaker Beliefs

A
  1. Pacifism
  2. Equality of the Sexes
  3. Anti-slavery
  4. Modern attitudes toward Native Americans
  5. Refusal to pay taxes
  6. Lived lives to frugality, self-denial
20
Q

Quaker Paradoxes

A
  1. Frugal, but became wealthy
  2. Philosophy of religious liberty made them a minority
  3. How could pacifist leaders protect the colony?
  4. Believed in equality, but success made them aristocrats
21
Q

Pennsylvania’s Attractions (Vigorous Advertising Campaign)

A
  1. Elective Assembly and Council
  2. Religious Toleration
  3. Legal and civil rights assured
  4. Rich farmland at fixed and fair price
  5. Favorable tribal policies led to peace
22
Q

Pennsylvania Politics

A
  1. Proprietor appointed the Governor
  2. House of Representatives elected by freemen to approve laws of governor
23
Q

House of Representatives elected by freemen to approve laws of governor

A

Originally a Body of Review, not initiation, but assumed this right by 1700

24
Q

18th Century Thought and Culture: Generalization

A
  1. Original forces die out: new patterns
  2. Changes in Immigration Patterns: Non English Appear
  3. Developing “American” Society
  4. Expansion of Slavery
  5. Religious Change
25
Q

Two Major Themes of the 18th Century

A
  1. Growing distinction between North and South
  2. Increased Soc/Pol Complexity
26
Q

Indentured Servitude (Definition)

A

Workers bound to masters for a fixed term of service: Free passage

27
Q

3 parts of Indentured Servitude

A
  1. Volunteers, often the poor
  2. Convicts, prisoners
  3. Orphans, vagrants, kidnap victims
  4. Realities of Indentured Servitude
28
Q

Realities of Indentured Servitude

A

a. Large floating population of young men, potential for unrest
b. High mobility: families moving around for greener pastures
c. Increasing avoidance of severe working conditions in the South
d. Led to large increase in African slavery in the South

29
Q

Birth and Death

A
  1. Growth in population
  2. Natural increase
  3. Increased in Longevity
30
Q

Women and Families in the Southern Colonies

A
  1. Women married young
  2. Lives consumed in child-bearing
  3. Standards of sexual behaviors flexible
  4. High infant mortality rates
  5. Outlived husbands, remarried quickly
31
Q

Slavery in the Colonies

A

Rise of Tobacco as a Cash Crop

32
Q

Workings of Slavery

A
  1. Rise of the African Slave Trade
  2. The Triangular Trade
  3. Slaves sold individually
  4. Regarded as “Chattels”
33
Q

The Middle Passage: Social/Demographic Implication

A
  1. Blacks begin to outnumbered whites
  2. Passage of “Black Codes”: limited right , freedom of movement
  3. Black servitude hardens into lifestime slavery
34
Q

Why were Native American Not Enslaved in the Colonies?

A
  1. They were “at-home”
  2. Strong cultural/support system
  3. Self-sufficient
35
Q

Slave Society on the Plantation (South)

A
  1. Self-contained communities (50 slaves)
  2. Developed strong familial structures
  3. Developed own languages, religions
  4. Constant surveillance
36
Q

The Southern Economy

A
  1. Agriculturals: Tobacco, Rice, Indigo
  2. Conditions Severe: Led to rise of slavery
37
Q

Northern Economy and Technology

A
  1. Small mills, metalworks, craftsmen and artisans
  2. “Natural Resources” industry: lumbering, mining, fishing
38
Q

Rise of Consumerism

A
  1. Material goods = Social Status
  2. Increasing division of society by class
  3. Advent of Advertising
  4. “Luxuries” became commonplace
39
Q

Rise of the colonial city

A
  1. Variety of ethnic backgrounds
  2. Increase in Urban Problems
  3. New Cosmopolitan Outlook
40
Q

Cultural and Religious Outpourings

A

A. Salem Witch Trials
B. The Great Awakening

41
Q

The Great Awakening

A

Outbreak of religious fervor, fueled by evangelical preachers

42
Q

The Great Awakening Caused by:

A

Two Schools of Thought

43
Q

Caused by Two Schools of Thought

A
  1. Decline of Puritanism
  2. Reaction to the New Science
  3. Johnathan Edwards, George Whitefield
  4. Objections of the Established Ministry
  5. Long-term Effects of the Great Awakening
44
Q

Johnathan Edwards, George Whitefield: Puritan Tenets

A

Pre-destination, God sovereign, salvation only by God’s grace

45
Q

Objections of the Established Ministry

A

a. Itinerancy
b. Bodily Excesses

46
Q

Long-term Effects of the Great Awakening

A

a. Legacy: 1st movement experienced by the colonies as a whole
b. Upsurge in Reform
c. Building of new collegs, churches

47
Q

Legacy

A

1st movement experienced by the colonies as a whole

HIST 170 C: History of the United States 1 (9 decks)

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