Unit 6: The Age of Jefferson Flashcards
I. Rise of Cultural Nationalism
A. Patterns of Education
B. Cultural Trends in the New Nation
C. Aspects of Religious Skepticism
D. The Second Great Awakening
E. The Awakening and Minorities
A. Patterns of Education
- Goal: Nationwide system of public school (male citizens)
- Growth of Private Schools
- New educational opportunities for women
- Judith Sargent Murray
- Native American education: teach “white culture”
- No effort for African Americans
- Higher education limited to wealthy
- Judith Sargent Murray
a. Women and men equal in intellect
b. Equal access to educational & economic opportunities for women
c. Women needed own identities apart from husbands
B. Cultural Trends in the New Nation
- Aspired to “Cultural Independence”
- Early American Schoolbooks
- Noah Webster & the Dictionary
- Creation of a Native Literature
C. Aspects of Religious Skepticism
- Revolution weakened traditional religion
- “New Rationalism” emphasized science
- Appearance of Deism
- Appearance of Unitarianism: reject pre-destination and Trinity
- Decline in church membership
D. The Second Great Awakening
- Origin: Fight spread of rationalism, revitalize the churches
- Rise of Methodism
- “Camp Meetings” and revivals (Cane Ridge)
- Basic Message of the Awakening
- Growth of New Sects (Denominations)
- Basic Message of the Awakening:
a. Readmit God into daily life
b. Reject skeptical rationalism
E. The Awakening and Minorities
- High participation by women
- Black preachers take leadership role
- Native American Religious Fervor
- Freethinker rejected enthusiasm
- Native American Religious Fervor
a. Calls to rise up and defend land
b. Denounced trade, interaction with whites
c. Forgo “wicked white ways”, drinking
II. Stirrings of Industrialism
A. Technology in America
B. Transportation Innovations
C. Aspects of America’s Urbanization
A. Technology in America
- Immigrant brought European manufacturing technology with them
- Important American inventors
- Impact of the Cotton Gin
- Whitney, Weapons, and “Interchangeable” Parts
Impact of the Cotton Gin
a. Increase in African slavery
b. Development of American Textile Industry in North
c. Manufacturing Superiority saws Wedge between North and South
B. Transportation Innovations
- Growth of American Shipping
- The Steamboat
- National Road System: Tumpike
- The Canal Age
C. Aspects of America’s Urbanization
- Development of an Urban Culture
- Affluence and Amenities
- Entertainment, Cultural Pursuits
III. Jefferson As President
A. Conflicts and Contradictions
B. Jefferson as Politician
C. Jefferson’s Political Philosophies
D. Jefferson’s Economic Philosophies
E. Jefferson’s Economic Policies (Retrenchment)
F. Conflict with the Courts
A. Conflicts and Contradictions
- Favored “States rights”, but expanded the federal government
- Favored strict construction, but reinforced broad construction
- Opposed Hamilton’s policies, but defend himself adopting them
B. Jefferson as Politician
- Maintained “low-key” aura
- Worked to exert influence as the leader of his party
- Used power of Appointment as a political tool (Patronage)
C. Jefferson’s Political Philosophies
- Favored small, informal government
- “Natural Aristocracy” of Leaders
- Distrusted powerful centralized government
- Favored “States rights” and Localism
- Adopted Skepticism, Rationalism (Deist)
- Believed in wisdom of Common Man
- Ideology of Conflict
D. Jefferson’s Economic Philosophies
- Opposed Hamilton’s federalistics policies
- Opposed a National Bank
- Opposed Protective Tariffs
- Favored Free Trade (Adam Smith)
- Favored pro-agricultural policies
E. Jefferson’s Economic Policies (Retrechment)
- Drastically reduced spending
- Worked to pay off national debt
- Ended all Internal Taxation
- Slashed military spending
F. Conflict with the Courts
- Repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801
- Marbury v. Madison: Supreme Court had authority to rule on constitutionality of laws
- Presence of John Marshalls
- Jefferson’s Impeachment Campaign
IV. Doubling the National Domain
A. The Louisiana Purchase
B. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
C. The Burr Conspiracy
A. The Louisiana Purchase
- Complex set of int’l actions led to the sale
- Doubled the size of the U.S
- Territory admitted as equal states
- Jefferson’s Quandary:
- Jefferson’s Quandary
Purchase only possible under broad
C. The Burr Conspiracy
- Due to Louisiana Purchase, hardcore Federalist feared loss of power
- Essex Junto desired to secede, form a separate “Northern Confederacy”
- Junto turned to Burr after being spurned by Hamilton
- War of words, accusations between Burr and Hamilton
- Blaming Hamilton for an election loss, Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel
- Hamilton is killed, Burr flees and is rumored to be at the head of a rebellion
Legacy of the Burr Conspiracy
With a week central government, vast tracks of land only nominally controlled by the U.S and ambitious leaders, the power, legitimacy and very continued existence of the United States remained yet to be firmly established
V. Expansion and War
A. Conflict on the Seas (Due to Napoleonic Wars in Europe)
B. The Issue of Impressment
C. Jefferson’s Peaceable Coercion:” Economic Measures
D. Escalation of the “Indian Problem”
E. The Rise of Native American Leaders
F. The War of 1812
G. Consequences of the War of 1812
H. The Hartford Convention
A. Conflict on the Seas (Due to Napoleonic Wars in Europe)
- Napoleon’s Continental System
- England’s Order in Council
- U.S caught in between
- Napoleon’s Continental System
Close European continent to British trade
- England’s Order in Council
British blockade of the European coastline
B. The Issue of Impressment
- British Navy, the “Floating Hell”
- Chesapeake - Leopard incident
- British Navy, the “Floating Hell”
British searched ships for deserters; took American sailors as well
C. Jefferson’s Peaceable Coercion: Economic Measures
- The Embargo
- Non-Intercourse Act
- Macon’s Bill #2
- The Embargo
Stopped all foreign trade
- Non-Intercourse Act
Reopens trade with all except France and Britain
- Macon’s Bill #2
Reopens all trade; plays England, France off against each other
D. Escalation of the “Indian Problem”
- Jefferson’s “Offer”
- Wm. Heny Harrison divided tribes; used threats and bribes
- Lands swindled in Southwest
- British befriend, supply tribes
- Jefferson’s “Offer”
Become farmers and assimilate or migrate west
E. The Rise of Native American Leaders
- The Prophet
- Tecumseh: “Shooting Star”
- The Battle of Tippecanoe
- The Prophet
a. Superior virtues of Native American civilization
b. White society sinful, corrupting
c. Inspired a religious revival
- Tecumseh: “Shooting Star”
a. Unite all the Native American tribes of the Mississppi Valley
b. Halt white expansion, recover land
F. The War of 1812
- Early setbacks sent the American home from Canada in defeat
- British navy getting the better of the Americans, imposed a blockade
- Andrew Jackson wreaks reprisals on Native American in Florida
- The Battle of Lake Erie
- August, 1814, the British enter Washington, burning the White House
- Bombardment of Fort McHenry
- The Battle of New Orleans
- The Treaty of Ghent, 1814
- The Battle of Lake Erie
Oliver Hazard Perry
- The Treaty of Ghent, 1814
a. Ended hostilities, restored status-quo
b. Did not address or resolves major issues on either side
G. Consequences of the War of 1812
- Affirmed the independence of America
- Strengthened U.S resolve to stay out of European politics
- Exposed weaknesses in defense and transportation
- Stimulated economic growth
- Led to demise of the Federalist Party
H. The Hartford Convention
- Hinted at secession
- Reasserted Right of Nullification
- Discredited Federalist Party
VI. Politics: The Era of Good Feelings
A. End of the 1st Party System
B. Monroe’s Conciliatory Policies
C. John Quincy Adams and the Acquisition of Florida, 1819
D. Long-term Effects of Jeffersonian Rule
A. End of the 1st Party System
- Ascendancy of “Virginia Dynasty”
- Death of the Federalist Party
B. Monroe’s Conciliatory Policies
- Chose former Federalist, J.Q Adams as “heir apparent”
- Political appt’s included all region, both parties
- Good will tour through the country
C. John Quincy Adams and the Acquisition of Florida, 1819
- Interested in promoting American expansion
- Entered into negotiation with Spain to acquire all of the Florida territory
- Jackson went “rogue” by invading Florida and seizing forts
- Spain signed the Adams-Onis ceding Florida to the U.S
D. Long-term Effects of Jeffersonian Rule
- Increase in Nationalism & Pride
- Proved failure of Economic Coercion
- Made case for Broad Construction
- Need to balance Agriculture and Manufacture
- Necessity of a National Bank
- Laid basis for Economic Sectionalism
- Laid basis for Economic Sectionalism
a. North: Industrial and Urban
b. South: Agricultural and Rural
c. West: Mining, trapping and unorganized
