Unit 8: Disease of the Blood, the Heart, and Blood Vessels Flashcards
1
Q
WBC (White Blood Cells)
A
Leucocytes
2
Q
RBC (Red Blood Cells)
A
Erythrocytes
3
Q
Platelets
A
Thrombocytes
4
Q
Produced in red bone marrow
-Function: blood cloting
A
Platelets
5
Q
increase in number of WBC in blood
- Most Common: may be physiological
- Pathological
A
Leucocytosis (Luekocytosis)
6
Q
abnormal reduction in number of WBC in blood
-usually due to damage to bone marrow or lymphatic tissue
A
Leucopenia (Leukopenia)
7
Q
- Anemia
- Infections
- Bleeding
- Bruising
A
Results of Leucopenia
8
Q
associated with formation of blood and blood components
A
Hematopoietic (Hemopoietic) Disorders
9
Q
literally means “white blood”
-cancer of the WBC pro ducting structures/organs
A
Leukemia
10
Q
Results in production of immature WBC
- # 1 cause of cancer and cancer deaths in children
- 20%-70% survival rate
A
Leukemia
11
Q
in children
A
Acute Leukemia
12
Q
in adults
A
Chronic Leukemia
13
Q
800,000 cells
- granulocytes (neutrophils) in high numbers
- may be caused by exposure to radiation
- results in anemia, remissions are common
A
Granulocytic Leukemia
14
Q
200,000 cells
- may be caused by viruses
- cause severe anemia, pneumonia, infections
- Remissions are common 80%+ survival rate
A
Lymphocytic Leukemia
15
Q
50,000-200,000 cells
- may be caused by chemicals
- higher risk of Severe Infections (less of anemia)
- Remissions are rare
- higher Death rate.
- 25% survival rate
A
Monocytic Leukemia
16
Q
most common in children ages 3-6
A
Lymphocytic Leukemia
17
Q
bone marrow makes too many RBS causing thickening of blood > slow blood flow
- greater risk of forming blood clots
- enlarged spleen
A
Polycythemia Vera (primary polycythemia)
18
Q
increase in number of RBC in blood (increased hematocrit)
-rare
A
Erythrocytosis
19
Q
- Hereditary condition
- Excess blood in transfusion
- Underactive spleen (removes and destroys old RBC)
A
Erythrocytosis Etiology
20
Q
May result in:
- Plethora (too much blood)
- higher risk of forming blood clots/thrombi
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Ischemia
- Cyanosis (lack of oxygen)
- Enlarged spleen
A
Erythrocytosis Results
21
Q
decrease number of RBC in blood (decrease hematocrit),
A
Erythrocytopenia
22
Q
May result in
Anemia-decrease in normal number of RBC or quantity of hemoglobin in blood leading to > decrease in oxygen delivery > loss of energy
A
Erythocytopenia Results
23
Q
chronic, hematologic disease (concerned with blood or blood forming structures)
-Low hemoglobin level
A
Anemia
24
Q
develops as a complication of another disease
- Nonhematologic disease
- Longer than 2-6 months
A
Secondary Anemia
25
RBCs are being destroyed
Increased Destruction Anemia
26
producing less RBCs than normal
Decreased Production Anemia
27
- Hemorrhage
- Injury or trauma
- Genetic
- Infections
Increased Destruction Anemia Etiology
28
Genetic mutation resulting in hemoglobin S
| -cells of weird shape, form clots > spleen traps and destroys them
Sickle Cell Anemia (Primary)
29
Results in:
- Tachycardia
- Fatigue
- Dyspnea
Sickle Cell Anemia Results
30
Mom and baby have different blood types
| **Common Condition**
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (primary)
31
Babys RBCs are immature and larger than normal
| -may form blood clots > trapped in spleen and destroyed
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (primary)
32
Overactive spleen due to mononucleosis or liver cancer
| -may cause splenomeagaly
Hypersplenism (secondary)
33
Underactive bone marrow due to:
- radiation
- chemical poisons
- leukemia or bone cancer (osteosarcoma)
Decreased Production Anemia Etiology
34
Chemical poison (lead or mercury) > damages bone marrow
Chlorosis
35
- damage to bone marrow of unknown origin (idiopathic)
- bone marrow suppressed, does not produce enough, or any, blood cells
- could be due to chemicals, radiation, infection, or metabolic disorders
Decreased Production Anemia Etiology
36
-vitamin B12 deficiency
Pernicious Anemia
37
- Due to lack of intrinsic factor in stomach
| - Common in women following childbirth or malnutrition disorder
Pernicious Anemia
38
deficiency of B12 and folic acid
Megaloblastic Anemia
39
large blood cells
Megaloblasts
40
Associated with Pernicious Anemia
Megaloblastic Anemia
41
decrease in number of platelets
| -less than 60,000 platelets
Thrombocytopenia
42
Due to damaged bone marrow
| -radiation, chemicals, cancer (leukemia)
Thrombocytopenia
43
Results in decreased ability to clot or coagulate blood
- bruise and bleed easily > resulting in hemorrhage
- bruising > purple discoloration > immune thrombocytopenia purpura
Thrombocytopenia
44
immune system destroys its own platelets
Bleeding Disorder: Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura
45
Spontaneous bleeding in subcutaneous tissues > purple patches on skin
-acute pediatric viral illness
Bleeding Disorder: Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura
46
X-Linked (more common in males) or somatic inherited hemorrhage disease
Hemophilia
47
abnormal or absent clotting factor > inability to clot blood
Hemophilia
48
- excessive, prolonged, sometimes spontaneous bleeding
- frequent epistaxis (nosebleeds), bruising
- severe Hemophilia
Hemophilia Symptoms
49
bleeding into joint
Hemarthrosis
50
thinning and stretching of myocardium fibers
Dilatation (Dilation)
51
Heart enlarges > cannon pump efficiently > heart gets bigger > muscle cells stretch and get thinner
-Tends to be chronic
Dilatation (Dilation)
52
Caused by:
-blockage of thoracic aorta due to arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) or plaque > aorta narrows > blood back to heart > heart muscle stretches in response
Dilatation (Dilation)
53
enlargement of the heart ventricles
Hypertrophy
54
- May result from blockage of aorta.
| - Heart pumps faster > thickening of heart muscle to allow the heart to pump faster
Hypertrophy Results
55
Hypertensive Heart Disease
Hypertrophy Results
56
inflammation of the pericardium
| -membrane surrounding the heart
Pericarditis
57
Main cause :
- Respiratory viruses and bacteria (lungs and bronchi)
- trauma
Pericarditis Etiology
58
Scar tissue forms > resulting in pressure on the heart > heart beats more rapidly > HEART FAILURE
Pericarditis Results
59
inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle), usually wall of left ventricle
Myocarditis
60
-Caused by bacterial or viral infections
| Usually from respiratory infections such as strep, flu, staph, pneumonia
Myocarditis Etiology
61
Scar tissue on heart muscle > interfere with blood flow through coronary artery > resulting in chest pains, dizziness
Myocarditis Results
62
inflammation of the endocardium
Endocarditis
63
- inner lining (tunic) of the heart (epithelium)
| - usually valves, most commonly Mitral Value
Endocarditis
64
related to heart valves
Valvular Defects
65
failure of heart valve to close completely, allowing blood to regurgitate
Valvular Insufficiency
66
abnormally enlarged and floppy valve
Valvular Prolapse
67
abnormal narrowing of a valve that restricts flow of blood
Valvular Stenosis
68
autoimmune reaction
Rheumatic Fever
69
condition of permanent damage to heart valves
Rheumatic Fever
70
usually follows strep throat infection
Rheumatic Fever
71
Scar tissue forms > weaken the valve > valve will leak and regurgitate blood form the left ventricle to the left atrium > HEART MURMURS
Rheumatic Fever
72
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blockage in coronary artery (feeds blood to heart)
#1 cause of sudden death (40%)
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Coronary Artery
73
- Atherosclerosis > Arteriosclerosis
- Thrombus
- Embolus (embolism)
- Spasm
Coronary Artery Etiology
74
Results in ischemia and infarction (myocardial)
| -Most often in left ventricle > chest pain, dizziness > by-pass surgery
Coronary Artery Etiology
75
inability of heart to supply adequate blood flow and oxygen to peripheral tissues and organs
Cardiac Failure
76
rapid, may result from:
- cardiopulmonary by-pass surgery
- acute myocardial infarction
- valve dysfunction
- severe arrhythmias
Acute Cardiac Failure
77
Congestive Heart Failure
Chronic Cardiac Failure
78
general dealing of the heart overtime, leading to heart failure
Congestive Heart Failure
79
Heart cannot pump enough blood to body organs
Congestive Heart Failure
80
Heart cannot clear blood > blood pooling in the heart > the heart drowns in its own blood
Congestive Heart Failure
81
Results in Severe Chest Pain
Congestive Heart Failure
82
areas of necrotic tissue in the heart caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area
Myocardial Infarction
83
disease or disorder of heart muscles (myocardium)
Cardiomyopathy
84
caused by viral infections, heart attack, alcoholism, long-term, severe high blood pressure or other unknown causes
Cardiomyopathy
85
inflammation of the entire heart and its surrounding
Carditis (=pancardidis)
86
failure to develop normal heart
Congenital Heart Defects
87
caused by infections in utero.
- rubella
- syphilis
- HIV
Congenital Heart Defects Etiology
88
on the wrong side (heart can be too small)
Dextrocardia
89
rearrangement of valves or abnormal valve structure
Valvular Defect
90
hole in the septum (wall between the right and left side of the heart)
Septal Defect
91
4 related heart defects
Tetralogy of Fallot
92
- Interventricular Septal Defect
- Aorta Shifts to the Right
- Pulmonary Stenosis
- Right Ventricle Hypertrophy
Tetralogy of Fallot
93
hole between the ventricles
Interventricular Septal Defect
94
results in narrowing of aorta
Aorta Shifts to the Right
95
results form compensation of the first 3 abnormalities
Right Ventricle Hypertrophy
96
aorta and pulmonary artery are connected to each other
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
97
constricted segment of the aorta, usually above the heart
Coarctation of the Aorta
98
high blood pressure
Hypertension
99
120/180 mmHg
Optimal Blood Pressure
100
135/85 mmHg
Normal Blood Pressure
101
140/90 mmHG (mild, does not threaten health)
Benign Hypertension
102
160/110 mmHg (difficult to lower)
Malignant Hypertension
103
90% of all hypertension cases
| -stress, diets, nicotine, obesity, hereditary, and artheriosclerosis
Essential Hypertension
104
acute and life threatening
| 10% of all hypertension cases
Secondary Hypertension
105
inflammation of lumen or inner wall of artery
Endoarteritis
106
Caused by
- Blood Cots
- Arteriosclerosis
- Emboli
Endoarteritis
107
inflammation of outer wall of artery
Periarteritis
108
Caused by:
| External Trauma
Periarteritis
109
hardening and thickening, loss of elasticity and calcification of arterial walls
Arteriosclerosis
110
- Develops with aging
- Hypertension or Diabetes
- Fat platelets collect on blood vessel wall
- Irritate Wall
- Arteritis
- Calcium Deposits
- Scar tissue
Arteriosclerosis Etiology
111
thickening of the inner lining of the arterial walls
Atherosclerosis
112
Characterized by deposit of
| -cholesterol plaques, lipids or cellular debris on inner walls of arteries
Atherosclerosis
113
local dilation of the wall of blood vessel, primarily arteries
Aneurysm
114
Caused by:
- internal blockage due to clot, embolus, arteriosclerosis, plaque
- external pressure due to tumor
Aneurysm
115
- Rupture (bursting)
| - Resulting in hemorrhage in brain, or abdomen
Aneurysm
116
location determines shapes
Aneurysm Types
117
resembles small sack; artery, vein, or heart
Saccular
118
resemble swollen tube
Fusiform/Spindle
119
blood flows between layers of vessel wall
| ***Most Dangerous***
Dissecting
120
inflammation of vein
Phlebitis
121
- Blockage of vein
| - External pressure due to obesity, pregnancy, pressure, weakened heart action
Phlebitis Etiology
122
Results in
- Local pain (pressure on nerves)
- Veins hold blood (pool with blood)
- Inflammation restricts blood flow
- Vein blue and stretched > Varicose Vein
Phlebitis Results
123
enlarged (dilated), tortuous blood vessel
Varicose Vein
