Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiological Pathology > Unit 8: Disease of the Blood, the Heart, and Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Unit 8: Disease of the Blood, the Heart, and Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

WBC (White Blood Cells)

A

Leucocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

RBC (Red Blood Cells)

A

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Produced in red bone marrow

-Function: blood cloting

A

Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

increase in number of WBC in blood

  • Most Common: may be physiological
  • Pathological
A

Leucocytosis (Luekocytosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

abnormal reduction in number of WBC in blood

-usually due to damage to bone marrow or lymphatic tissue

A

Leucopenia (Leukopenia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • Anemia
  • Infections
  • Bleeding
  • Bruising
A

Results of Leucopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

associated with formation of blood and blood components

A

Hematopoietic (Hemopoietic) Disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

literally means “white blood”

-cancer of the WBC pro ducting structures/organs

A

Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Results in production of immature WBC

  • # 1 cause of cancer and cancer deaths in children
  • 20%-70% survival rate
A

Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in children

A

Acute Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

in adults

A

Chronic Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

800,000 cells

  • granulocytes (neutrophils) in high numbers
  • may be caused by exposure to radiation
  • results in anemia, remissions are common
A

Granulocytic Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

200,000 cells

  • may be caused by viruses
  • cause severe anemia, pneumonia, infections
  • Remissions are common 80%+ survival rate
A

Lymphocytic Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

50,000-200,000 cells

  • may be caused by chemicals
  • higher risk of Severe Infections (less of anemia)
  • Remissions are rare
  • higher Death rate.
  • 25% survival rate
A

Monocytic Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

most common in children ages 3-6

A

Lymphocytic Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

bone marrow makes too many RBS causing thickening of blood > slow blood flow

  • greater risk of forming blood clots
  • enlarged spleen
A

Polycythemia Vera (primary polycythemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

increase in number of RBC in blood (increased hematocrit)

-rare

A

Erythrocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  • Hereditary condition
  • Excess blood in transfusion
  • Underactive spleen (removes and destroys old RBC)
A

Erythrocytosis Etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

May result in:

  • Plethora (too much blood)
  • higher risk of forming blood clots/thrombi
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Ischemia
  • Cyanosis (lack of oxygen)
  • Enlarged spleen
A

Erythrocytosis Results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

decrease number of RBC in blood (decrease hematocrit),

A

Erythrocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

May result in
Anemia-decrease in normal number of RBC or quantity of hemoglobin in blood leading to > decrease in oxygen delivery > loss of energy

A

Erythocytopenia Results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

chronic, hematologic disease (concerned with blood or blood forming structures)
-Low hemoglobin level

A

Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

develops as a complication of another disease

  • Nonhematologic disease
  • Longer than 2-6 months
A

Secondary Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

RBCs are being destroyed

A

Increased Destruction Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

producing less RBCs than normal

A

Decreased Production Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  • Hemorrhage
  • Injury or trauma
  • Genetic
  • Infections
A

Increased Destruction Anemia Etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Genetic mutation resulting in hemoglobin S

-cells of weird shape, form clots > spleen traps and destroys them

A

Sickle Cell Anemia (Primary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Results in:

  • Tachycardia
  • Fatigue
  • Dyspnea
A

Sickle Cell Anemia Results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mom and baby have different blood types

Common Condition

A

Erythroblastosis Fetalis (primary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Babys RBCs are immature and larger than normal

-may form blood clots > trapped in spleen and destroyed

A

Erythroblastosis Fetalis (primary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Overactive spleen due to mononucleosis or liver cancer

-may cause splenomeagaly

A

Hypersplenism (secondary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Underactive bone marrow due to:

  • radiation
  • chemical poisons
  • leukemia or bone cancer (osteosarcoma)
A

Decreased Production Anemia Etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Chemical poison (lead or mercury) > damages bone marrow

A

Chlorosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
  • damage to bone marrow of unknown origin (idiopathic)
  • bone marrow suppressed, does not produce enough, or any, blood cells
  • could be due to chemicals, radiation, infection, or metabolic disorders
A

Decreased Production Anemia Etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

-vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Pernicious Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
  • Due to lack of intrinsic factor in stomach

- Common in women following childbirth or malnutrition disorder

A

Pernicious Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

deficiency of B12 and folic acid

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

large blood cells

A

Megaloblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Associated with Pernicious Anemia

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

decrease in number of platelets

-less than 60,000 platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Due to damaged bone marrow

-radiation, chemicals, cancer (leukemia)

A

Thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Results in decreased ability to clot or coagulate blood

  • bruise and bleed easily > resulting in hemorrhage
  • bruising > purple discoloration > immune thrombocytopenia purpura
A

Thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

immune system destroys its own platelets

A

Bleeding Disorder: Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Spontaneous bleeding in subcutaneous tissues > purple patches on skin
-acute pediatric viral illness

A

Bleeding Disorder: Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

X-Linked (more common in males) or somatic inherited hemorrhage disease

A

Hemophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

abnormal or absent clotting factor > inability to clot blood

A

Hemophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q
  • excessive, prolonged, sometimes spontaneous bleeding
  • frequent epistaxis (nosebleeds), bruising
  • severe Hemophilia
A

Hemophilia Symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

bleeding into joint

A

Hemarthrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

thinning and stretching of myocardium fibers

A

Dilatation (Dilation)

51
Q

Heart enlarges > cannon pump efficiently > heart gets bigger > muscle cells stretch and get thinner
-Tends to be chronic

A

Dilatation (Dilation)

52
Q

Caused by:
-blockage of thoracic aorta due to arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) or plaque > aorta narrows > blood back to heart > heart muscle stretches in response

A

Dilatation (Dilation)

53
Q

enlargement of the heart ventricles

A

Hypertrophy

54
Q
  • May result from blockage of aorta.

- Heart pumps faster > thickening of heart muscle to allow the heart to pump faster

A

Hypertrophy Results

55
Q

Hypertensive Heart Disease

A

Hypertrophy Results

56
Q

inflammation of the pericardium

-membrane surrounding the heart

A

Pericarditis

57
Q

Main cause :

  • Respiratory viruses and bacteria (lungs and bronchi)
  • trauma
A

Pericarditis Etiology

58
Q

Scar tissue forms > resulting in pressure on the heart > heart beats more rapidly > HEART FAILURE

A

Pericarditis Results

59
Q

inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle), usually wall of left ventricle

A

Myocarditis

60
Q

-Caused by bacterial or viral infections

Usually from respiratory infections such as strep, flu, staph, pneumonia

A

Myocarditis Etiology

61
Q

Scar tissue on heart muscle > interfere with blood flow through coronary artery > resulting in chest pains, dizziness

A

Myocarditis Results

62
Q

inflammation of the endocardium

A

Endocarditis

63
Q
  • inner lining (tunic) of the heart (epithelium)

- usually valves, most commonly Mitral Value

A

Endocarditis

64
Q

related to heart valves

A

Valvular Defects

65
Q

failure of heart valve to close completely, allowing blood to regurgitate

A

Valvular Insufficiency

66
Q

abnormally enlarged and floppy valve

A

Valvular Prolapse

67
Q

abnormal narrowing of a valve that restricts flow of blood

A

Valvular Stenosis

68
Q

autoimmune reaction

A

Rheumatic Fever

69
Q

condition of permanent damage to heart valves

A

Rheumatic Fever

70
Q

usually follows strep throat infection

A

Rheumatic Fever

71
Q

Scar tissue forms > weaken the valve > valve will leak and regurgitate blood form the left ventricle to the left atrium > HEART MURMURS

A

Rheumatic Fever

72
Q 
blockage in coronary artery (feeds blood to heart) 
#1 cause of sudden death (40%)
A

Coronary Artery

73
Q
  • Atherosclerosis > Arteriosclerosis
  • Thrombus
  • Embolus (embolism)
  • Spasm
A

Coronary Artery Etiology

74
Q

Results in ischemia and infarction (myocardial)

-Most often in left ventricle > chest pain, dizziness > by-pass surgery

A

Coronary Artery Etiology

75
Q

inability of heart to supply adequate blood flow and oxygen to peripheral tissues and organs

A

Cardiac Failure

76
Q

rapid, may result from:

  • cardiopulmonary by-pass surgery
  • acute myocardial infarction
  • valve dysfunction
  • severe arrhythmias
A

Acute Cardiac Failure

77
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

Chronic Cardiac Failure

78
Q

general dealing of the heart overtime, leading to heart failure

A

Congestive Heart Failure

79
Q

Heart cannot pump enough blood to body organs

A

Congestive Heart Failure

80
Q

Heart cannot clear blood > blood pooling in the heart > the heart drowns in its own blood

A

Congestive Heart Failure

81
Q

Results in Severe Chest Pain

A

Congestive Heart Failure

82
Q

areas of necrotic tissue in the heart caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area

A

Myocardial Infarction

83
Q

disease or disorder of heart muscles (myocardium)

A

Cardiomyopathy

84
Q

caused by viral infections, heart attack, alcoholism, long-term, severe high blood pressure or other unknown causes

A

Cardiomyopathy

85
Q

inflammation of the entire heart and its surrounding

A

Carditis (=pancardidis)

86
Q

failure to develop normal heart

A

Congenital Heart Defects

87
Q

caused by infections in utero.

  • rubella
  • syphilis
  • HIV
A

Congenital Heart Defects Etiology

88
Q

on the wrong side (heart can be too small)

A

Dextrocardia

89
Q

rearrangement of valves or abnormal valve structure

A

Valvular Defect

90
Q

hole in the septum (wall between the right and left side of the heart)

A

Septal Defect

91
Q

4 related heart defects

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

92
Q
  • Interventricular Septal Defect
  • Aorta Shifts to the Right
  • Pulmonary Stenosis
  • Right Ventricle Hypertrophy
A

Tetralogy of Fallot

93
Q

hole between the ventricles

A

Interventricular Septal Defect

94
Q

results in narrowing of aorta

A

Aorta Shifts to the Right

95
Q

results form compensation of the first 3 abnormalities

A

Right Ventricle Hypertrophy

96
Q

aorta and pulmonary artery are connected to each other

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

97
Q

constricted segment of the aorta, usually above the heart

A

Coarctation of the Aorta

98
Q

high blood pressure

A

Hypertension

99
Q

120/180 mmHg

A

Optimal Blood Pressure

100
Q

135/85 mmHg

A

Normal Blood Pressure

101
Q

140/90 mmHG (mild, does not threaten health)

A

Benign Hypertension

102
Q

160/110 mmHg (difficult to lower)

A

Malignant Hypertension

103
Q

90% of all hypertension cases

-stress, diets, nicotine, obesity, hereditary, and artheriosclerosis

A

Essential Hypertension

104
Q

acute and life threatening

10% of all hypertension cases

A

Secondary Hypertension

105
Q

inflammation of lumen or inner wall of artery

A

Endoarteritis

106
Q

Caused by

  • Blood Cots
  • Arteriosclerosis
  • Emboli
A

Endoarteritis

107
Q

inflammation of outer wall of artery

A

Periarteritis

108
Q

Caused by:

External Trauma

A

Periarteritis

109
Q

hardening and thickening, loss of elasticity and calcification of arterial walls

A

Arteriosclerosis

110
Q
  • Develops with aging
  • Hypertension or Diabetes
  • Fat platelets collect on blood vessel wall
  • Irritate Wall
  • Arteritis
  • Calcium Deposits
  • Scar tissue
A

Arteriosclerosis Etiology

111
Q

thickening of the inner lining of the arterial walls

A

Atherosclerosis

112
Q

Characterized by deposit of

-cholesterol plaques, lipids or cellular debris on inner walls of arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

113
Q

local dilation of the wall of blood vessel, primarily arteries

A

Aneurysm

114
Q

Caused by:

  • internal blockage due to clot, embolus, arteriosclerosis, plaque
  • external pressure due to tumor
A

Aneurysm

115
Q
  • Rupture (bursting)

- Resulting in hemorrhage in brain, or abdomen

A

Aneurysm

116
Q

location determines shapes

A

Aneurysm Types

117
Q

resembles small sack; artery, vein, or heart

A

Saccular

118
Q

resemble swollen tube

A

Fusiform/Spindle

119
Q

blood flows between layers of vessel wall

Most Dangerous

A

Dissecting

120
Q

inflammation of vein

A

Phlebitis

121
Q
  • Blockage of vein

- External pressure due to obesity, pregnancy, pressure, weakened heart action

A

Phlebitis Etiology

122
Q

Results in

  • Local pain (pressure on nerves)
  • Veins hold blood (pool with blood)
  • Inflammation restricts blood flow
  • Vein blue and stretched > Varicose Vein
A

Phlebitis Results

123
Q

enlarged (dilated), tortuous blood vessel

A

Varicose Vein

Physiological Pathology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions