Unit 6: Circulatory Disturbances Flashcards by Brittaney Wood

to & form capillaries of the lungs
brings deoxygenated blood to lungs
returns oxygenated blood to heart

Pulmonary Circulatory

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to & form capillaries of the tissues of the body
brings oxygenated blood to tissues
returns deoxygenated blood to heart

Systemic Circulatory

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shift of fluid from vascular space into another compartment

Results in abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities

Edema

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severe, generalized edema of subcutaneous tissue, accumulation of serous fluid in body cavities.

Anasarca

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fluid in abdominal (peritoneal) cavity

Ascites

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fluid in thoracic (pleural) cavity

Hydrothorax

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fluid around the heart

Hydropericardium

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edema in scrotum

Hydrocele

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increased volume of blood in affected part of the body

Hyperemia and Congestion

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active process of engorgement with bright red, oxygenated blood recruited by signals from affected sites

Hyperemia

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dilation of arteries due to

inflammation, increased metabolic activity (delivery of more blood “on demand” of a working tissue)

Physiologic (functional)

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passive process of tissue engorgement with bluish, poorly oxygenated blood

Congestive

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due to impaired venous flow

Pathologic

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reduction in arterial blood supply (oxygen and nutrients) to a tissue or body part

Ischemia

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Arterial Obstruction
Venous Obstruction
Vasoconstriction 
External Pressure
Heart Failure

Ischemia Etiology

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Accumulation of metabolic wastes
Pain
Atrophy
Tissue Damage > Tissue necrosis (infarct)

Ischemia Effects

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Necrosis of tissue due to interference in blood supply to that tissue, usually follows ischemia.
Organs most often affected-spleen, kidneys, lungs, brain & heart

Infarction (Ischemia Necrosis)

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area of cell death (necrosis) resulting from anoxia caused by

blockage of the coronary artery (usually left branch) by arteriosclerosis or a blood clot
disruption of venous drainage (accumulation f wastes)

Myocardial Infarction

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means hardening

Sclerosis

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thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls partly due to deposition of calcium; most often cause by atherosclerosis
-Can restrict blood flow

Arteriosclerosis

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hardening of the arteries due to build up of waxy plaque inside of blood vessels
-Can restrict blood flow

Atherosclerosis

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caused by formation or presence of thrombus.

an attached solid mass or blood clot made up of blood cells.

Thrombosis

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Injury or diseases of blood vessel wall
Reduced rate of blood flow
Blood diseases
Alterations in blood composition

Thrombosis Etiology

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Obstruction of a blood vessel; thrombus may dislodge

Partial Thrombosis

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blockage of a blood vessel, with ischemia & infarction

Obstruction Thrombosis (total=complete)

infected, very dangerous

Septic Thrombosis

not infected

Aseptic Thrombosis

thrombi that can resolve on their own

Tiny Thrombi

thrombi that may grow; be surrounded by fibrous tissue and my become obstructive or become an emboli

Large Thrombi

thrombi dissolve without further damage (small thrombi)

Resolution

mineral salts accumulate around thrombus, may become obstructive

Calcification

pieces of thrombus dislodge and mover through the bloodstream

Fragmentation

septic (infected) thrombus; fragments move though bloodstream > spread infection and may block small blood vessels.

Septic Softening

new blood capillaries form around to bypass the thrombus.

Canalization

reduction in arterial blood (oxygen) supply.

Ischemia (Thrombosis consequences)

abnormal venous drainage

Passive Hyperemia (Thrombosis consequences)

death of tissue with loss of vascular supply, may be followed by bacterial infection.

Gangrene (Thrombosis consequences)

tissue necrosis due to obstruction in arterial blood supplying the area.

Infarction (Thrombosis consequences)

presence of bacteria in blood from a septic thrombus

Bacterema (Thrombosis consequences)

caused by formation of solid or gaseous object floating free in the bloodstream.

Embolism

- Fragments of thrombi - Clumps of bacteria - Fragmented tumor cells - Animal Parasites - Fat, gas (air) - Foreign bodies-chemicals

Types of Embolisms

if blockage occurs

Ischemia (Embolism consequences)

if ischemia occurs

Infarction (Embolism consequences)

if embolus, may be infected

Gangrene (Embolism consequences)

Spread of infection (septic embolus) | Spread of tumor cells

Spread Embolism consequences

Necrosis

Embolism consequences

loss of blood from the vascular system

Hemorrhage

small tissue damage, visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin -Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)

Petechia

larger tissue damage (greater than 1 cm), in muccous membrane or skin.

Ecchymosis

large collection of blood (tumor-like swelling); usually due to trauma

Hematoma

bleeding form the nose

Epistaxis

blood in sputum

Hemoptysis

vomiting of blood

Hematemesis

blood in pericardial cavity

Hemopericardium

blood in thoracic cavity

Hemothorax

blood in abdominal cavity

Hemoperitoneum

blood in stool

Melena

red blood cells in urine

Hematuria

loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained.

Exsanguination

condition in which the circulatory system is unable to provide adequate blood supply to the body tissues.

Shock (Circulatory Collapse=Failure)

low blood flow through blood vessels

Hypo Perfusion

reduced cardiac output

Inadequate pumping by the Heart

- bacterial infections, overwhelming bacterial sepsis - heat, cold, or burns - radiation or posioning - severe hemorrhage - catastrophic allergic reaction - server myocardial infarction - trauma with extensive soft tissue damage

Circulatory Shock Etiology

from myocardial infarction or other myocardial disease.

Cardiogenic Shock (heart failure)

under filled blood vessels, usually due to hemorrhage, burns, severe diarrhea or vasodilation

Hypovolemic Shock (low volume)

Severe allergic reaction

Vasodilation

from systemic bacterial infection (sepsis) by organisms that release bacterial endotoxins.

Septic shock (infection)

necrosis (death) of tissue, usually resulting from deficient or absent blood supply.

Gangrene

arteries are obstructed

Dry (ischemic necrosis) Gangrene

impaired venous drainage

Moist (wet) Gangrene

bacterium Clostridium perfringes

Gas Gangrene

decrease in total volume of body fluids.

Dehydration

- Hemorrhage - Fever - High Environmental Temperature - Diabetes - Kidney or Adrenal Disease - Metabolic Disorders - Diarrhea or Vomiting

Dehydration Etiology

total fluid and electrolye loss > dry skin and mucous membranes, opaque sticky organ surfaces, vascular collapse, brain, heart and kidney damage

Dehydration Results

Acidosis or Alkalosis with effects on - nervous system - respiratory system

Dehydration Leading to

increase in whole body blood volume.

Plethora

may lead to syncope (cessation of circulation)

Diminished Circulation

localized accumulation of pus

Abscess

escape of blood from vascular system

Hemorrhage

loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem

Dehydration

excessive body wasting, usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition

Emaciation

purple because of high content of blood (pull of gravity)

Discoloration

pus in the pleural cavity

Empyema

prefix meaning in

inflammation of the brain

Encephalitis

prefix meaning within

Endo

inflammation of the endocardium, or lining membrane of the heart. It may involve only the membrane covering the valves or the general lining of the chambers of the heart.

Endocarditis

inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix uteri

Endocervicitis

the ectopic occurrence of endometrial tissue or its diffuse inplantation or infiltration in the myometrium

Endometriosis

produced or arising from within a cell or organism

Endogenous Infection

a thick-walled spore within a bacterium

Endospores

Bacterial toxin confined within the body of a bacterium freed only when the bacterium is broken down, found only in gram negative bacteria

Endotoxin

inflammation of the intestine

Enteritis

prefix meaning intestine

Entero

prefix meaning upon

Epi

a disease that is currently in higher than normal numbers

Epidemic

a chronic neurogenic disease marked by sudden alterations in consciousness and frequently by convulsions

Epilepsy

bleeding from the nose

Epistaxis

inflammation of the esophagus

Esophagitis

suffix meaning sensation

Esthesia

the study of the cause of disease

Etiology

prefix meaning out of

increase in severity of a disease

Exacerbation

origination outside an organ or part

Exogenous Infection

a toxin produced by a microorganism and excreted into its surrounding medium, general protein in nature.

Exotoxin

increase in severity of a disease

Exsanguination

Loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained

Exsanguination