Unit 2: Cellular Reaction to Injury Flashcards
1
Q
Cellular Changes- _______, _______(worsen) cell alteration that may result in:
- ___________
- ___________
A
passive, regressive
Apoptosis
Necrosis
2
Q
Apoptosis- programmed ___ death
A
cell
3
Q
Necrosis- ______ death caused by disease.
Example: Progeria and Werner’s syndrome
A
cell, disease
4
Q
Cellular Changes: Etiology
- _______
- _______ of oxygen to cells
- ___________________
- ________
- ________
A
Heart Disease Reduction Nutritional Deficiencies Poisons Infections
5
Q
Cellular Changes:
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
A
Degeneration Infiltration Necrosis Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Regeneration Somatic Death
6
Q
Degeneration (____cellular=in a cell)- ________ or ________ of an organ, tissue or cell resulting in appearance of ________ within cell that are normally ______.
A
intra, deterioration, impairment, substances, absent
7
Q
Infiltration (___cellular=in a cell)- _________ passing into and _______ of substances in cell tissue or organ.
A
inter, abnormal, deposit
8
Q
Degeneration: Types
- ___________
- ___________
- ___________
A
Cellular Swelling
Fatty Degeneration
Amyloid Degeneration
9
Q
Cellular Swelling-increase in cell ______ content. Due to mild cell injury that allows _____________ sodium to rise.
A
water, intracellular
10
Q
Fatty Degeneration- ________ of normal amounts of fat in ______.
A
deposit, cells
11
Q
Amyloid Degeneration- deposition of _______ (starchlike protein) in ______ or tissues.
-Structures are _____, ________, have hyaline appearance.
A
amyloid, organ, waxy, translucent
12
Q
Amyloid Degeneration: Examples
- _____, spleen, _______, adrenal glands
- Due to diabetes, poisons, carcinoma, tuberculosis.
A
liver, kidneys
13
Q
Infiltration: Types
- ___________
- ___________
A
Fatty Infiltration
Colloid Degeneration
14
Q
Infiltration: Types
- Fatty Infiltration
- deposit of ___ in tissues.
- often due to _______ or ____.
- occurs mostly in the ____, ______, ____.
A
fat
poisons, diet
liver, kidneys, heart
15
Q
Infiltration: Types
- Colloid Degeneration: ______
- __________ of tissues.
- Example: lungs-anthracosis: lung-dust disease due to inhalation of coal pigment.
A
jellylike
disorganization
16
Q
Infiltration: Pigmentation
- ________ or _______ in pigment deposit.
- ___________
A
increase, decrease
exogenous
17
Q
Infiltration: Pigmentation
- Exogenous
- pigment transmitted from _______ (exo) the body.
- ____________
- ____________
A
outside
carotenemia
plumbism
18
Q
Infiltration: Pigmentation
- Exogenous: Carotenemia
- ________ in blood; resulting in ___________ of the _____ and ____.
A
carotene, discoloration, liver, skin
19
Q
Infiltration: Pigmentation
- Exogenous: Plumbism
- due to ______ poisoning > _________ to gums, _______ to brain & other internal organs.
A
lead, discoloration, damage
20
Q
Infiltration: Pigmentation
- Endogenous
- pigment present _______ (endo) the body
- Changes in the ______ of the eye (diabetes)
- ________ (moles, ________, freckles)
- ________
- ________(icterus=bile pigments)
A
inside retina melanosis, melanomas albinism jaundice
21
Q
Infiltration: Calcification
- Calcium deposits (_________) in tissue, usually surrounded by ______, necrotic cells, _______, foreign materials.
- _______- gallstones
- renaliths (renal calculi)- __________
- ___________- bladder stones
- fecaliths- in the _____ or ______
- ___________- in the nose
A
lime salts, bacteria, mucous choleliths kidney stones vesical calculi intestines, appedix rhinoliths
22
Q
Infiltration: Calification
- ___________in the lungs
- arteriosclerosis- calcium deposits in the ______.
- lithopedion (_________)-calcified ____, usually in __________.
A
pneumoliths
arteries
stone baby, fetus, fallopian tubes
23
Q
Infiltration: Gout
- Primary-chronic _______ disorder
- associated with ______________ level.
- results in accumulation of ______ and ____________ in joints (often big toe), _______, external ear and eyelids.
- swelling and ________ pain.
A
metabolic
blood uric acid
uric acid, uric acid salts, kidneys
arthritic
24
Q
Necrosis:
-cell ___________ that can lead to cell and tissue ____ without ________.
A
degeneration, death, recovery
25
```
Necrosis:
-Etiology (causes)
-mechanical injury (______)
-interference with proper nutrition
-heat or cold
-loss of _____ supply
-hypoxia (__________), anoxia (_________) delivered to tissues.
drug or bacterial toxins, or viruses
```
trauma
nerve
low oxygen, no oxygen
26
Necrosis: Types
- based on __________ of the necrotic tissue.
- ___________
- ___________
- ___________
- ___________
```
appearance
Coagulative
Caseous
Liquefactive
Ischemic
```
27
Necrosis: Types
- Coagulative- degeneration of ________ > tissue becomes ______, _____ and form_______ mass.
- most common
- occurs due to ________, infarct, or heat.
proteins, dry, firm, yellowish
| ischemia
28
Necrosis: Types
- Caseous- result of certain _______ such as ___________.
- tissue is ________ "cheesy" appearance (flaky, crumbly)
infections, tuberculosis
| creamy-white
29
Necrosis: Types
- Liquefactive-tissues ______ usually due to _______.
- necrotic tissues softens, becomes ____.
liquify, infections
| wet
30
Necrosis: Types
- Ischemia- death of tissue due to lack of _____ supply (common complication of healing)
- tissue is ___, firm, ____, mummified appearance as in diabetes, frostbite.
blood
| dry, blackened
31
Necrosis: Types
- caused by a lack of _____ supply
- ____
- ____
- ____
blood
dry
wet
gas
32
Necrosis: Gangrene
| -necrosis (death) of tissues, usually resulting from ______ or ____ blood supply.
deficient, absent
33
```
Necrosis: Gangrene
Etiology
- ________ (bacterial invasion)
- _________ blood supply (thrombosis, diabetes, long-term smoking)
- most common in the _______ extremities
```
infection
insufficient
lower
34
Necrosis: Gangrene
Consequences
- _________
- _________ (decomposition of organic matter, especially protein, by microorganisms, resulting in production of foul-smelling matter)
ischemia
| putrefaction
35
Dry (Ischemia necrosis) Gangrene
- results from _______ of _______ blood flow
- with or without invasion of _______.
- usually in ________.
obstruction, arterial
bacteria
extremities
36
Moist (Wet) Gangrene
- results from inadequate ________ drainage.
- occurs in naturally _____ tissue and organs such as the bout, intestines, lungs, cervix, and vulva.
- often in ______ or area of ______ (sacrum , buttocks, heels)
venous
moist
extremities, bedsores
37
Moist (Wet) Gangrene
Etiology
-following _______ or infraction.
-invasion by _________ (feed on dead organic matter) ____________ (perfringes, fusiformis, putrificians).
ischemia
saprogenic
microorganisms
38
Moist (Wet) Gangrene: Symptoms
- swelling of tissue (_____)
- tissue site is ____, and has no _____.
- moist _____ skin under tension.
- _______ (tissue softens) > _______
- condition spreads
edema
cold, pulse
black
liquefaction, foul odor
39
Gas Gangrene:
| -similar to _____ but caused by _______ bacterium Clostridium perfringens.
moist, anaerobic
40
Gas Gangrene: Symptoms
- all of those for moist gangrene.
- ________
- ________
- ________
crepitation
sepsis
toxemia
41
Crepitation-_______ of tissue due to gas production by the ________.
stretching, bacteria
42
Sepsis- whole-body _________ state caused by _________.
inflammatory, infection
43
Toxemia-blood distribution throughout the body of _________ products of bacteria growing in a _______ or ______ site.
poisonous, focal, local
44
Cellular Changes: Necrobiosis
| - _______ (natural) death of cells and tissues with ________.
physiological, replacement
45
Cellular Changes: Atrophy
- __________ in size of organ or part of body.
- __________
- __________
decrease
physiological
pathological
46
Cellular Changes: Atrophy
- Physiological
- ______, resulting from physiologic conditions such as ______ changes or senility (_____________).
normal, hormal, skin changes
47
Cellular Changes: Atrophy
- Pathological
- due to a _______.
- inadequate _________ (insufficient blood supply)
- pressure on ______ or ______ or disuse.
- loss of ______ supply
- loss of _______ stimulation
```
disease
nutrition
bones, organs
nerve
endocrine
```
48
Cellular Changes: Hypertrophy
- _______ in size of a tissue or organ as a result of an increase in __________.
- ___________
- ___________
- ___________
increase, cell size
physiological
pathological
compensatory
49
Cellular Changes: Hypertrophy
-Physiological
-______ physiological adaptation to ______ functional demand.
Example: Enlargement of breast during lactation.
normal, increased
50
Cellular Changes: Hypertrophy
-Pathological
-result of _____.
Example: increase in size of myocardium (heart) due to valvular defect or arteriosclerosis.
disease
51
Cellular Changes: Hypertrophy
-Compensatory
-increase in size of organ or tissue to perform the work of _______ tissue or paired _______.
Example: kidney, lungs, adrenal glands
destroyed, organ
52
Cellular Changes: Hyperplasia
- ________ in size of tissue or organ due to increase in ___________.
- _____________
Example: uterine hyperplasia at puberty
- _____________
Example: prostatic hyperplasia can lead to prostate cancer
increase, cell number
physiological
pathological
53
Cellular Changes: Regeneration
- tissue _____ leading to ________ of normal function.
- lung tissue, glomeruli (kidneys)
* **Nervous tissue do ____ regenerate.
- ___________
- ___________
repair, restoration
not
physiological
pathological
54
Cellular Changes: Regeneration
-Physiological- __________ of tissue elements under ______ conditions
Example: epithelium (in mucous membrane) in digestive system
restoration, normal
55
Cellular Changes: Regeneration
-Pathological- ___________ of lost tissue as result of ____ or ______.
Example: scars (formed by connective tissues) in heart.
replacement, trauma, infection
56
Cellular Changes: Somatic Death
- __________ of vital activities of the body resulting in cell _________, _________, _________.
- can lead to organ ______ and organ or system ______ > eventually ______ death (total body death)
cessation, degeneration, necrosis, atrophy
| failure, shutdown, somatic
57
Somatic Death: Somatic Changes
- pertaining to the _____ body
- Signs of ___________ include:
- no _____ sounds, no ______, no active blood flow.
- no __________ > no exhalation of _____________.
- facial and eye changes due to lack of ________ and blood supply
- ________ muscle relaxation
```
whole
somatic changes
heart, pulse
respiratory, carbon dioxide
innervation
complete
```
58
Somatic Death: Cadaveric Changes
- seen _____ somatic death
- Signs of ______________ includes:
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ________
```
after
cadaveric changes
algor mortis
rigor mortis
livor mortis
putrefaction
```
59
Somatic Death: Cadaveric Changes
- Algor Mortis: ______ of the body.
- the body reaches ____________ temperature in approximately __ hours post mortem.
cooling
| environmental, 24
60
Somatic Death: Cadaveric Changes
- Rigor Mortis: _______ of the body.
- starts _____ hours after death with the eyelids, ___, head, ____.
- usually lasts _______ hours.
stiffening
4-12, jaw, limbs
24-36
61
Somatic Death: Cadaveric Changes
- Livor Mortis (livor-bluish color): __________
- accumulation of ______ in organs
- dark ___ discoloration in tissue (blood pooled in ________ and diffused into _____ due to no heart action and gravity).
- starts ___ hours after death
hypostasis
blood
red, capillaries, tissue
1-6
62
Somatic Death: Cadaveric Changes
- Putrefaction: due to ________ of dead tissue and _______ growth.
- begins in _______ and affects the _____ early.
autolysis, bacterial
| abdomen, brain
63
Ase-suffix meaning _______.
enzyme
64
Antagonism-mutual _______ or ________ action. The inhibition of one ________ organism by another.
opposition, contrary, bacterial
65
Ante-prefix meaning ______
before
66
Anti-prefix meaning ______.
against
67
Antibody- __________ substance developed in response to, and interacting specifically with an _____. Also know as ______________.
glycoprotein, antigen, immunoglobulin
68
Antigen- a ______ substance that stimulates the formation of ________ that interact specifically with it.
foreign, antibodies
69
Antisepsis-the ________ of sepsis by preventing or inhibiting the growth of ________ microorganisms.
prevention, causative
70
Attenuation- ________ or weakening of _________ of a microorganism, _________ or abolishing pathogenicity.
dilution, virulence, reducing
71
Aplasia- ______ of a tissue or an organ to _______ normally.
failure, develop
72
Arteriosclerosis-disease of the _______ resulting in ________ and loss of elasticity of the ______ walls.
arteries, thickening arterial
73
Arteritis- __________, usually of a _____ progressive character, involving and ______ or arteries.
inflammation, chronic, artery
74
Arthro- prefix meaning _____.
joint
75
Ascites- ________ of free _____ fluid in the _______ cavity
accumulation, serous, abdominal
76
Asphyxia-loss of _______ from deficient ______.
consciousness, oxygen
77
Atherosclerosis-a form of arteriosclerosis marked by the ______ of _____ in the inner layer of ______ walls.
deposition, lipids, arterial
78
Atrophy-a wasting, _____ in size of an organ or tissue.
decrease
79
Auto-prefix meaning _____.
self
80
Autopsy (________)-a __________ examination of the organs and tissues of a body to determine ____ of death or _______ condition.
necropsy, postmortem, cause, pathological
81
Autotrophic Bacteria- ____________ bacteria that are capable of growing in the absence of _______ compounds. Organisms that obtain carbon from _________.
self-nourishing, organic, carbon dioxide
82
Avulsion- a _____ away.
tearing
83
Bacillus (pl. bacilli)- any _________ microorganism.
rod-shaped
84
Bacteremia- the presence of _______ bacteria in the _____ stream.
viable, blood
85
Bacteria-a ______ one-celled microorganism of the kingdom _______, existing as free living organisms or as ______, multiplying by binary fission and having a large range or __________ properties.
prokaryotic, Monera, parasites, biochemical
86
Bacterial colony-a visible group of _______ growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a ______ microorganism.
bacteria, single
