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Physiological Pathology > Unit 2: Cellular Reaction to Injury > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cellular Reaction to Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular Changes- _______, _______(worsen) cell alteration that may result in:

  • ___________
  • ___________
A

passive, regressive
Apoptosis
Necrosis

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2
Q

Apoptosis- programmed ___ death

A

cell

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3
Q

Necrosis- ______ death caused by disease.

Example: Progeria and Werner’s syndrome

A

cell, disease

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4
Q

Cellular Changes: Etiology

  • _______
  • _______ of oxygen to cells
  • ___________________
  • ________
  • ________
A 
Heart Disease
Reduction
Nutritional Deficiencies
Poisons
Infections
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5
Q

Cellular Changes:

  • __________
  • __________
  • __________
  • __________
  • __________
  • __________
  • __________
  • __________
  • __________
A 
Degeneration
Infiltration
Necrosis
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Regeneration
Somatic Death
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6
Q

Degeneration (____cellular=in a cell)- ________ or ________ of an organ, tissue or cell resulting in appearance of ________ within cell that are normally ______.

A

intra, deterioration, impairment, substances, absent

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7
Q

Infiltration (___cellular=in a cell)- _________ passing into and _______ of substances in cell tissue or organ.

A

inter, abnormal, deposit

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8
Q

Degeneration: Types

  • ___________
  • ___________
  • ___________
A

Cellular Swelling
Fatty Degeneration
Amyloid Degeneration

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9
Q

Cellular Swelling-increase in cell ______ content. Due to mild cell injury that allows _____________ sodium to rise.

A

water, intracellular

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10
Q

Fatty Degeneration- ________ of normal amounts of fat in ______.

A

deposit, cells

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11
Q

Amyloid Degeneration- deposition of _______ (starchlike protein) in ______ or tissues.
-Structures are _____, ________, have hyaline appearance.

A

amyloid, organ, waxy, translucent

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12
Q

Amyloid Degeneration: Examples

  • _____, spleen, _______, adrenal glands
  • Due to diabetes, poisons, carcinoma, tuberculosis.
A

liver, kidneys

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13
Q

Infiltration: Types

  • ___________
  • ___________
A

Fatty Infiltration

Colloid Degeneration

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14
Q

Infiltration: Types

  • Fatty Infiltration
  • deposit of ___ in tissues.
  • often due to _______ or ____.
  • occurs mostly in the ____, ______, ____.
A

fat
poisons, diet
liver, kidneys, heart

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15
Q

Infiltration: Types

  • Colloid Degeneration: ______
  • __________ of tissues.
  • Example: lungs-anthracosis: lung-dust disease due to inhalation of coal pigment.
A

jellylike

disorganization

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16
Q

Infiltration: Pigmentation

  • ________ or _______ in pigment deposit.
  • ___________
A

increase, decrease

exogenous

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17
Q

Infiltration: Pigmentation

  • Exogenous
  • pigment transmitted from _______ (exo) the body.
  • ____________
  • ____________
A

outside
carotenemia
plumbism

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18
Q

Infiltration: Pigmentation

  • Exogenous: Carotenemia
  • ________ in blood; resulting in ___________ of the _____ and ____.
A

carotene, discoloration, liver, skin

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19
Q

Infiltration: Pigmentation

  • Exogenous: Plumbism
  • due to ______ poisoning > _________ to gums, _______ to brain & other internal organs.
A

lead, discoloration, damage

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20
Q

Infiltration: Pigmentation

  • Endogenous
  • pigment present _______ (endo) the body
  • Changes in the ______ of the eye (diabetes)
  • ________ (moles, ________, freckles)
  • ________
  • ________(icterus=bile pigments)
A 
inside
retina
melanosis, melanomas
albinism
jaundice
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21
Q

Infiltration: Calcification

  • Calcium deposits (_________) in tissue, usually surrounded by ______, necrotic cells, _______, foreign materials.
  • _______- gallstones
  • renaliths (renal calculi)- __________
  • ___________- bladder stones
  • fecaliths- in the _____ or ______
  • ___________- in the nose
A 
lime salts, bacteria, mucous
choleliths
kidney stones
vesical calculi
intestines, appedix
rhinoliths
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22
Q

Infiltration: Calification

  • ___________in the lungs
  • arteriosclerosis- calcium deposits in the ______.
  • lithopedion (_________)-calcified ____, usually in __________.
A

pneumoliths
arteries
stone baby, fetus, fallopian tubes

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23
Q

Infiltration: Gout

  • Primary-chronic _______ disorder
  • associated with ______________ level.
  • results in accumulation of ______ and ____________ in joints (often big toe), _______, external ear and eyelids.
  • swelling and ________ pain.
A

metabolic
blood uric acid
uric acid, uric acid salts, kidneys
arthritic

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24
Q

Necrosis:

-cell ___________ that can lead to cell and tissue ____ without ________.

A

degeneration, death, recovery

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25
Q 
Necrosis:
-Etiology (causes)
-mechanical injury (\_\_\_\_\_\_) 
-interference with proper nutrition 
-heat or cold
-loss of \_\_\_\_\_ supply
-hypoxia (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_), anoxia (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) delivered to tissues.
drug or bacterial toxins, or viruses
A

trauma
nerve
low oxygen, no oxygen

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26
Q

Necrosis: Types

  • based on __________ of the necrotic tissue.
  • ___________
  • ___________
  • ___________
  • ___________
A 
appearance
Coagulative
Caseous
Liquefactive
Ischemic
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27
Q

Necrosis: Types

  • Coagulative- degeneration of ________ > tissue becomes ______, _____ and form_______ mass.
  • most common
  • occurs due to ________, infarct, or heat.
A

proteins, dry, firm, yellowish

ischemia

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28
Q

Necrosis: Types

  • Caseous- result of certain _______ such as ___________.
  • tissue is ________ “cheesy” appearance (flaky, crumbly)
A

infections, tuberculosis

creamy-white

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29
Q

Necrosis: Types

  • Liquefactive-tissues ______ usually due to _______.
  • necrotic tissues softens, becomes ____.
A

liquify, infections

wet

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30
Q

Necrosis: Types

  • Ischemia- death of tissue due to lack of _____ supply (common complication of healing)
  • tissue is ___, firm, ____, mummified appearance as in diabetes, frostbite.
A

blood

dry, blackened

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31
Q

Necrosis: Types

  • caused by a lack of _____ supply
  • ____
  • ____
  • ____
A

blood
dry
wet
gas

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32
Q

Necrosis: Gangrene

-necrosis (death) of tissues, usually resulting from ______ or ____ blood supply.

A

deficient, absent

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33
Q 
Necrosis: Gangrene
Etiology
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (bacterial invasion) 
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ blood supply (thrombosis, diabetes, long-term smoking)
- most common in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ extremities
A

infection
insufficient
lower

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34
Q

Necrosis: Gangrene
Consequences
- _________
- _________ (decomposition of organic matter, especially protein, by microorganisms, resulting in production of foul-smelling matter)

A

ischemia

putrefaction

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35
Q

Dry (Ischemia necrosis) Gangrene

  • results from _______ of _______ blood flow
  • with or without invasion of _______.
  • usually in ________.
A

obstruction, arterial
bacteria
extremities

36
Q

Moist (Wet) Gangrene

  • results from inadequate ________ drainage.
  • occurs in naturally _____ tissue and organs such as the bout, intestines, lungs, cervix, and vulva.
  • often in ______ or area of ______ (sacrum , buttocks, heels)
A

venous
moist
extremities, bedsores

37
Q

Moist (Wet) Gangrene
Etiology
-following _______ or infraction.
-invasion by _________ (feed on dead organic matter) ____________ (perfringes, fusiformis, putrificians).

A

ischemia
saprogenic
microorganisms

38
Q

Moist (Wet) Gangrene: Symptoms

  • swelling of tissue (_____)
  • tissue site is ____, and has no _____.
  • moist _____ skin under tension.
  • _______ (tissue softens) > _______
  • condition spreads
A

edema
cold, pulse
black
liquefaction, foul odor

39
Q

Gas Gangrene:

-similar to _____ but caused by _______ bacterium Clostridium perfringens.

A

moist, anaerobic

40
Q

Gas Gangrene: Symptoms

  • all of those for moist gangrene.
  • ________
  • ________
  • ________
A

crepitation
sepsis
toxemia

41
Q

Crepitation-_______ of tissue due to gas production by the ________.

A

stretching, bacteria

42
Q

Sepsis- whole-body _________ state caused by _________.

A

inflammatory, infection

43
Q

Toxemia-blood distribution throughout the body of _________ products of bacteria growing in a _______ or ______ site.

A

poisonous, focal, local

44
Q

Cellular Changes: Necrobiosis

- _______ (natural) death of cells and tissues with ________.

A

physiological, replacement

45
Q

Cellular Changes: Atrophy

  • __________ in size of organ or part of body.
  • __________
  • __________
A

decrease
physiological
pathological

46
Q

Cellular Changes: Atrophy

  • Physiological
  • ______, resulting from physiologic conditions such as ______ changes or senility (_____________).
A

normal, hormal, skin changes

47
Q

Cellular Changes: Atrophy

  • Pathological
  • due to a _______.
  • inadequate _________ (insufficient blood supply)
  • pressure on ______ or ______ or disuse.
  • loss of ______ supply
  • loss of _______ stimulation
A 
disease
nutrition
bones, organs
nerve
endocrine
48
Q

Cellular Changes: Hypertrophy

  • _______ in size of a tissue or organ as a result of an increase in __________.
  • ___________
  • ___________
  • ___________
A

increase, cell size
physiological
pathological
compensatory

49
Q

Cellular Changes: Hypertrophy
-Physiological
-______ physiological adaptation to ______ functional demand.
Example: Enlargement of breast during lactation.

A

normal, increased

50
Q

Cellular Changes: Hypertrophy
-Pathological
-result of _____.
Example: increase in size of myocardium (heart) due to valvular defect or arteriosclerosis.

A

disease

51
Q

Cellular Changes: Hypertrophy
-Compensatory
-increase in size of organ or tissue to perform the work of _______ tissue or paired _______.
Example: kidney, lungs, adrenal glands

A

destroyed, organ

52
Q

Cellular Changes: Hyperplasia
- ________ in size of tissue or organ due to increase in ___________.
- _____________
Example: uterine hyperplasia at puberty
- _____________
Example: prostatic hyperplasia can lead to prostate cancer

A

increase, cell number
physiological
pathological

53
Q

Cellular Changes: Regeneration

  • tissue _____ leading to ________ of normal function.
  • lung tissue, glomeruli (kidneys)
  • **Nervous tissue do ____ regenerate.
  • ___________
  • ___________
A

repair, restoration
not
physiological
pathological

54
Q

Cellular Changes: Regeneration
-Physiological- __________ of tissue elements under ______ conditions
Example: epithelium (in mucous membrane) in digestive system

A

restoration, normal

55
Q

Cellular Changes: Regeneration
-Pathological- ___________ of lost tissue as result of ____ or ______.
Example: scars (formed by connective tissues) in heart.

A

replacement, trauma, infection

56
Q

Cellular Changes: Somatic Death

  • __________ of vital activities of the body resulting in cell _________, _________, _________.
  • can lead to organ ______ and organ or system ______ > eventually ______ death (total body death)
A

cessation, degeneration, necrosis, atrophy

failure, shutdown, somatic

57
Q

Somatic Death: Somatic Changes

  • pertaining to the _____ body
  • Signs of ___________ include:
  • no _____ sounds, no ______, no active blood flow.
  • no __________ > no exhalation of _____________.
  • facial and eye changes due to lack of ________ and blood supply
  • ________ muscle relaxation
A 
whole
somatic changes
heart, pulse
respiratory, carbon dioxide
innervation
complete
58
Q

Somatic Death: Cadaveric Changes

  • seen _____ somatic death
  • Signs of ______________ includes:
  • ________
  • ________
  • ________
  • ________
A 
after
cadaveric changes
algor mortis
rigor mortis
livor mortis
putrefaction
59
Q

Somatic Death: Cadaveric Changes

  • Algor Mortis: ______ of the body.
  • the body reaches ____________ temperature in approximately __ hours post mortem.
A

cooling

environmental, 24

60
Q

Somatic Death: Cadaveric Changes

  • Rigor Mortis: _______ of the body.
  • starts _____ hours after death with the eyelids, ___, head, ____.
  • usually lasts _______ hours.
A

stiffening
4-12, jaw, limbs
24-36

61
Q

Somatic Death: Cadaveric Changes

  • Livor Mortis (livor-bluish color): __________
  • accumulation of ______ in organs
  • dark ___ discoloration in tissue (blood pooled in ________ and diffused into _____ due to no heart action and gravity).
  • starts ___ hours after death
A

hypostasis
blood
red, capillaries, tissue
1-6

62
Q

Somatic Death: Cadaveric Changes

  • Putrefaction: due to ________ of dead tissue and _______ growth.
  • begins in _______ and affects the _____ early.
A

autolysis, bacterial

abdomen, brain

63
Q

Ase-suffix meaning _______.

A

enzyme

64
Q

Antagonism-mutual _______ or ________ action. The inhibition of one ________ organism by another.

A

opposition, contrary, bacterial

65
Q

Ante-prefix meaning ______

A

before

66
Q

Anti-prefix meaning ______.

A

against

67
Q

Antibody- __________ substance developed in response to, and interacting specifically with an _____. Also know as ______________.

A

glycoprotein, antigen, immunoglobulin

68
Q

Antigen- a ______ substance that stimulates the formation of ________ that interact specifically with it.

A

foreign, antibodies

69
Q

Antisepsis-the ________ of sepsis by preventing or inhibiting the growth of ________ microorganisms.

A

prevention, causative

70
Q

Attenuation- ________ or weakening of _________ of a microorganism, _________ or abolishing pathogenicity.

A

dilution, virulence, reducing

71
Q

Aplasia- ______ of a tissue or an organ to _______ normally.

A

failure, develop

72
Q

Arteriosclerosis-disease of the _______ resulting in ________ and loss of elasticity of the ______ walls.

A

arteries, thickening arterial

73
Q

Arteritis- __________, usually of a _____ progressive character, involving and ______ or arteries.

A

inflammation, chronic, artery

74
Q

Arthro- prefix meaning _____.

A

joint

75
Q

Ascites- ________ of free _____ fluid in the _______ cavity

A

accumulation, serous, abdominal

76
Q

Asphyxia-loss of _______ from deficient ______.

A

consciousness, oxygen

77
Q

Atherosclerosis-a form of arteriosclerosis marked by the ______ of _____ in the inner layer of ______ walls.

A

deposition, lipids, arterial

78
Q

Atrophy-a wasting, _____ in size of an organ or tissue.

A

decrease

79
Q

Auto-prefix meaning _____.

A

self

80
Q

Autopsy (________)-a __________ examination of the organs and tissues of a body to determine ____ of death or _______ condition.

A

necropsy, postmortem, cause, pathological

81
Q

Autotrophic Bacteria- ____________ bacteria that are capable of growing in the absence of _______ compounds. Organisms that obtain carbon from _________.

A

self-nourishing, organic, carbon dioxide

82
Q

Avulsion- a _____ away.

A

tearing

83
Q

Bacillus (pl. bacilli)- any _________ microorganism.

A

rod-shaped

84
Q

Bacteremia- the presence of _______ bacteria in the _____ stream.

A

viable, blood

85
Q

Bacteria-a ______ one-celled microorganism of the kingdom _______, existing as free living organisms or as ______, multiplying by binary fission and having a large range or __________ properties.

A

prokaryotic, Monera, parasites, biochemical

86
Q

Bacterial colony-a visible group of _______ growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a ______ microorganism.

A

bacteria, single

Physiological Pathology (8 decks)

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