Unit 8 - 1945 to 1980

Question 1

Truman Doctrine

Answer 1

Harry S. Truman, Great Britain, Turkey, Greece

Great Britain was unable to financially support anti-Communists in the Turkish civil war. In their place, the U.S. contributes $400 million to Turkey and Greece to deter a Communist victory.

Europe, Turkey, and Greece

1947

Asserted the right of the U.S. to intervene and prevent countries from being Communist; establishes a policy of containment.

Question 2

Marshall Plan

Answer 2

George Marshall

Recovery program intended to deter the growth of socialism in Western Europe, and to protect markets for the U.S.

Europe

1947

Deepens the tension between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Reinforces the U.S. foreign policy of containment in Western Europe.

Question 3

Military Industrial Complex

Answer 3

Dwight D. Eisenhower, government, military, defense contractors.

Policies and monetary relations between the U.S. federal government, the Department of Defense, and defense industries.

United States

1961

Eisenhower warned the United States about the Military Industrial Complex; resulted in high defense spending; funnels vast amounts of funding and resources to the military.

Question 4

McCarthyism

Answer 4

Joseph McCarthy, House Un-American Activities Committee, Congress

Second Red Scare. Hysteria-based investigation and persecution of “subversives” in the federal government. Used to target individuals and groups for being un-American (i.e. Hollywood 10, Alger Hiss).

United States

1950s

Intended to silence critics of the Cold War; liberals.

Question 5

G.I. Bill

Answer 5

Congress, Veterans

Act providing benefits to World War II veterans: low cost mortgages, low interest business loans, college tuitions, and medical care, among other benefits.

United States

1944

4.3 million in real estate loans helped returning soldiers. 8 million Veterans returned to school. 1/3 of the U.S. population benefitted in some way from this act as it elevated Veterans and their families into the middle class.

Question 6

Korean War

Answer 6

Harry S. Truman, U.S. Military

Proxy war between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. in Korea. No victor and no border change due to the conflict.

United States, North Korea, South Korea.

1950 to 1953

Demonstrates the Truman Doctrine at work; attempt by the United States to contain the spread of Communism. First “hot war” of the Cold War

Question 7

Vietnam War

Answer 7

Ho Chi Minh; Presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon

Long proxy war fought between North (Communist) and South Vietnam.

United States, South Vietnam, and North Korea

1955 to 1975

Incited anti-war movements, and led to increased doubt and questioning of the federal government.

Question 8

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 8

Oliver Brown, Earl Warren, Thurgood Marshall

Supreme Court decision that ruled segregation in public schools, and by extension the doctrine of “Separate, But Equal” is unconstitutional; thus, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

United States

1954

Landmark Supreme Court decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and represented one of the first successes of the Civil Rights Movement. It paved the way for later Civil Rights reforms and demonstrates the judicial activism of the Warren court.

Question 9

The Great Society

Answer 9

Lyndon B. Johnson

Ambitious series of policy initiatives, legislation and programs spearheaded by President Lyndon B. Johnson with the main goals of ending poverty, reducing crime, abolishing inequality and improving the environment.

United States

1964

Launched new major domestic programs. Major achievements include the Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, and the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid.

Question 10

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 10

Lyndon B. Johnson

Legislation that prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of vote registration requirements and racial segregation in all federal, state, and local institutions.

United States

1964

Began the desegregation process in the United States, and marked the beginning of the legislative branch’s involvement in the Civil Rights Movement .

Question 11

Immigration Acts of 1965

Answer 11

Lyndon B. Johnson, Congress, Immigrants

Represented a change in U.S. immigration policy since the 1920s. Abolished the “national origins” quota and effectively doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter the U.S. annually.

United States, Asia, Latin America.

1965

Immigration numbers largely increased and created more diversity in the U.S. It allowed for family unifications with chain migration.

Question 12

Black Panther Party

Answer 12

Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale

Activist black power party that worked towards African American rights and conducted community services for African Americans in large cities. Patrolled African American communities to protect them from police brutality.

Oakland, California

1966

Revolutionary organization that came to portray a powerful image of black nationalism and pride. Highlights the continued tension over issues of race in the United States.

Question 13

Chicano Movement

Answer 13

Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Reies López Tijerina, Hector P. Garcia, Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzáles, Rosalio Muñoz, and Chicano/as (people of Mexican descent).

Social and political movement in the U.S. that worked to embrace a Chicano/a identity and worldview that combated structural racism, encouraged cultural revitalization, and achieved community empowerment by rejecting assimilation.

Southwestern United States, California, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas

1965 to 1975

Brought about educational, economic, and political reforms for people of Mexican-American descent. Gave a political voice to Mexican-Americans, and made Americans more aware of the unfair laws and discrimination Chicano/as faced in U.S.

Question 14

Stonewall

Answer 14

LBGT Community, Gay Rights Activists, NYPD

Series of demonstrations by LBGT community and gay rights activists in response to a police raid that began in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of NYC.

Greenwich Village, New York City

June 28, 1969

Widely considered a watershed event that transformed the gay liberation movement and the twentieth-century fight for LGBT rights in the United States.

Question 15

Environmental Protection Agency

Answer 15

Richard Nixon, Congress, Rachel Carson

Federal agency to oversee environmental monitoring and cleanup programs. Established to protect environmental health.

United States

1970

Protected the environment from industrial pollution and destruction. Demonstrates awareness and concern environmental issues by the federal government.

Question 16

Equal Rights Amendment

Answer 16

Women, Middle Class

Proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution intended to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of
sex.

United States

1971

Supported by middle class. Criticized by working class due to lack of protection for women in the workplace. Passed Congress, but was approved only by 35 state legislatures, thus, falling short of the required 38. Though it failed, ​​federal and state governments passed laws protecting the legal rights of women.

Question 17

Watergate

Answer 17

Richard Nixon, Democratic National Committee, Congress

Political scandal involving the Nixon administration following the arrest of five burglars caught at the Watergate Hotel,
headquarters of the Democratic National Committee. Uncovered by the Washington Post by Woodward and Bernstein.

United States

1972 to 1974

Leads to a huge decrease in trust in government and the first president to resign to avoid impeachment.

Question 18

War Powers Act of 1973

Answer 18

Richard Nixon, Congress

Law that limits the power of the President to commit the U.S. to long-term armed conflicts (“wars”) without Congressional
approval.

United States

1973

Response to the Vietnam War (i.e. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution). Checks the President’s power as Chief and Commander of the United States military.

Question 19

Roe v. Wade

Answer 19

Supreme Court, Norma McCorvey (Roe)

Landmark Supreme Court ruling legalizing abortion in the first 2 trimesters. Court ruled 7 ro 2 that the right to privacy was
protected under 14th Amendment.

United States

1973

Reshaped national politics. Divides the U.S. population into pro-choice and pro-life factions. Grass roots movements on both sides.

Question 20

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Answer 20

Algeria, Angola, Congo, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, IR Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela.

Middle Eastern majority of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries embargoed countries that supported Israel in the
Yom Kippur War of 1973; thus, causing oil and gas prices to increase dramatically in Western nations.

United States, Europe, Middle East

1973 to 1974

OPEC Oil Embargo caused emergency rationing and a recession (stagflation of the 1970s) in the United States. Ends period of economic prosperity that occurred after World War II.

Question 21

Sunbelt

Answer 21

American People

Internal migration to Southern and Western states for retirement, employment, (defense, technology, service) climate, and lower
taxes from northeastern cities.

Southern U.S. States (Southern California, Arizona, Texas, Florida)

1950s to 1970s

Increased population and political significance of the Southern states.

Question 22

Moral Majority

Answer 22

Christians, Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell

Christian political action group that formed to further conservatism. Religious agenda included allowing prayer in school and
making abortion illegal in the United States.

United States

1979 to 1989

Rise of religious fundamentalism in the United States as a response to social change and the experimentation of the 70s. New use of media. Helps Ronald Reagan win the Election of 1980.

Question 23

Detente

Answer 23

Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, China, Soviet Union

Relaxation of tensions between the United States and Soviet Union. A time of increased international trade and cooperation.
Evidenced by the SALT treaties. Relations became tense again when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979.

United States and Soviet Union.

1970s

Relaxed tensions contribute to the end of the Cold War.