Unit 3 - 1754 to 1800

Question 1

Salutary Neglect

Answer 1

British, Colonists

British Policy under which trade regulations for the colonies were laxly enforced and imperial supervision of internal colonial affairs was loose as long as the colonies remained loyal to the British and contributed to its economic profitability.

North American colonies

1607 to 1763

Salutary neglect contributed involuntarily to the increasing autonomy of colonial legal and legislative institutions, which ultimately led to American independence.

Question 1

Albany Plan of Union

Answer 1

Benjamin Franklin, Native Americans, Albany Congress Representatives

Franklin attempted to pass a plan of intercolonial cooperation for defense. Final proposal was initially favored but shot down due to fears of losing power.

Albany, New York

1754

Demonstrated diverse interests and sectionalism. First attempt at unification. Not unification.

Question 2

French and Indian War

Answer 2

British, British Colonists, French, Native Americans

Vicious conflict over the Ohio River Valley between the British and the French. Both sides had Native American allies. Resulted in loss of all French Power in North America.

Ohio River Valley, between French and British colonies

1754 to 1763

Signaled end of French power. Native Americans lost ability to play European powers off each other. Resulted in some colonial unity and nationalism, set the stage for the American Revolution because of effects — British debt, troops remain, etc. Major shifting of property.

Question 3

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Answer 3

Pontiac, General Thomas Gage

Ottowa Chief, Pontiac, led an uprising in the wake of the French and Indian War to oppose British expansion into West Ohio Valley. Led to Proclamation of 1763. Use of smallpox blankets against Native Americans at Fort Pitt.

Great Lakes Region, Michigan

1763

Demonstrates the difference in Native American relations between English and French. NAI loss of agency. Viability of NAI alliances in struggle against European expansion in question. Contributed to deteriorating relations between Great Britain and the colonies. Led to the formation of vigilante groups such as the Paxton Boys.

Question 4

Sons of Liberty, Daughters of Liberty

Answer 4

American Colonists

Sons used threats, protests, and acts of violence to intimidate those loyal to the British crown, and make their grievances clear to the British. ​​They helped organize and carry out the Boston Tea Party. Daughters bolstered the cause by staging boycotts and producing homemade versions of products affected by non-importation.

American Colonies

1765 to 1776

Sons and Daughters of Liberty were influential in orchestrating effective resistance movements against British rule in colonial America on the eve of the Revolution, primarily against what they perceived as unfair taxation and financial limitations imposed upon them.

Question 5

Stamp Act

Answer 5

Parliament, Sons of Liberty, Colonists

Tax on all legal and official papers and publications circulating in the colonies.

Colonies, Great Britain, Boston

1765

To raise revenue and pay off debt accumulated for the French and Indian War. Colonists use non-importation to hurt Britain. Act was repealed in 1766 along with passing of Declaratory Act. Increases tension between Britain and the colonists, who claim they cannot be taxed without representation in Parliament.

Question 6

Republican Motherhood

Answer 6

Abigail Adams, Women

Attitude toward women’s roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution. It centered on the belief that the patriots’ daughters should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, in order to pass on republican values to the next generation.

Early United States

Early 18th Century

Reinforced the idea of a domestic women’s sphere separate from the public world of men; however, it also encouraged the education of women and invested their “traditional” sphere with a dignity and importance that had been missing from previous conceptions of Women’s work.

Question 7

Coercive Acts

Answer 7

Parliament and Colonists

Series of acts that put an unnecessary strain on colonists, such as the Administration of Justice, Quartering Act, etc.

British Colonies in the Americas

1774

To punish the colonies especially Boston after the Tea Party, confirms colonial fears that Great Britain wants to destroy American liberty. This unifies the colonies to a great extent. Other colonies come to the aid of Boston.

Question 8

Articles of Confederation

Answer 8

Second Continental Congress, Representatives from the 13 original states of the United States.

Agreement among the 13 original states that served as its constitution.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Created in 1777; Ratified 1781.

Original constitution of the United States. Framed to to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. Failed due the lack of a strong central government. Eventually replaced by the U.S. Constitution.

Question 9

Northwest Ordinance

Answer 9

Congress of the Confederation

Act chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory.

Northwest Territory (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota)
July 13, 1787

Established the precedent by which the federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states. Prohibition of slavery set the stage for later conflicts during the 19th century until Civil War.

Question 10

Shay’s Rebellion

Answer 10

Daniel Shays, Indebted Farmers

Armed march to courthouse attempting to shut the debtor’s prison. Banks were repossessing their farms and property.

Massachusetts

1787

Country in depression because of inflation induced by over-printing of money. Rebellion put down by privately hired guards. Showed the inability of the government formed by the Articles of Confederation to deal with crises.

Question 11

Great Compromise

Answer 11

Congress: small states v. large states, James Madison

Creates a Bicameral legislature, compromise between Virginia and New Jersey Plans

United States

1787

Compromise between the large and small states, North and South, commerce and slavery

Question 12

Federalist Papers

Answer 12

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

Collection of essays that supported ratification of the Constitution

United States

1788

Division between Federalists and Anti-federalists. Addressed fears about the Constitution. Stated that it would strengthen the government and preserve natural rights.

Question 13

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

Answer 13

Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, Angry Farmers

Set of measures. Assumption of state and federal debt. Establish a national bank. Encourage manufacturing in the United States through taxation

United States

1790

First real test of opposition to federal power. Reinforced the lines drawn between Federalists and Anti-federalists resulting in the formation of the first political parties. Strengthen the federal government’s role in the national economy.

Question 14

Jay’s Treaty

Answer 14

British Government, U.S. Government

Great Britain was to withdraw all ships from U.S. territory, U.S. to pay debt incurred before the Revolution, dual “most favored nation” status, opposed by Thomas Jefferson.

United States

1794

Averted war with Great Britain over impressment (seizure of U.S. ships); required passage of the Pinckney treaty to appease Democratic-Republicans

Question 15

Washington’s Farwell Address

Answer 15

George Washington

Letter written by Washington at end of his second term. Advised for preservation of union, the danger of factions, and that the U.S. should trade with foreign countries but avoid political connections and alliances.

United States

1796
Influenced U.S. foreign policy until the end of the 19th century.

Question 16

XYZ Affair

Answer 16

John Adams, American and French Diplomats

Caused by Jay’s Treaty. Incident which involved an American peace delegation in France, three agents of the French Foreign Minister (labeled as X, Y, and Z in President John Adams’ initial communications with Congress), and the French Foreign Minister’s demand for a bribe from the American delegation.

United States, France

1797 to 1798

Resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. Raised anti-French sentiment which caused the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts and the establishment of Department of the Navy to oversee naval affairs.

Question 17

Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 17

Congress, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson

Four acts passed by congress. Curtailed freedom of press, and restricted the rights of immigrants and foreigners.

United States

1798

Suppression of civil liberties. Attempt by the Federalists to defeat Jeffersonians.