Unit 7 - 1890 to 1945 Flashcards
Progressive Era
Women, Middle Class Reformers
Broad movement towards social consciousness and social justice in response to the changes brought on by the Civil War, industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption.
National Movement, United States
1900 to 1917
Period of widespread social activism and political reform. Unified and empowered many reformists. Brought out tensions between advocates for social justice and social control (i.e. temperance).
First Red Scare
A. Mitchell Palmer, Communists
National hysteria caused by the threat of communism in the United States in the aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.
United States
1917 to 1920
Leads to the scrutinization of many in the federal government for perceived affiliations with communists or radicals. Targeted labor unions. The Sedition Act targeted those who criticize the government. Fear and hysteria continued well into the 1940s and 1950s.
NAACP
African American Activists, W.E.B. Du Bois (Founder)
Advocated for racial equality on the national level.
National movement in the United States.
Established in 1909; Still in existence today.
One of the most effective and influential organizations fighting for racial equality.
Marcus Garvey
Garvey, African Americans, Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA)
Black nationalist and leader of the Pan African movement who disagreed with the integration and accommodationist views of mainstream African American movements.
Liberia, New York
1887 to 1940
Advocated for “separate but equal” status for black Americans and pushed for a return to Africa. While the NAACP and many black leaders in America disagreed with his stance, he is credited for advocating for black pride and nationalism (“Black is Beautiful”). Influenced black power movement in the 1960 and 1970s.
Preservationism
John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, Theodore Roosevelt
Environmental policy, conservationist v. preservationist
National Movement in the United States
1870s to 1905
Advent of environmental policy in the United States; movement established national parks such as Yosemite National Park; heightened awareness of environmental issues such as the building of the O’Shaughnessy Dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Congress, T.R.
Allowed government to break up large trusts, monopolies to regulate industry.
US
1890
Initially used on unions until T.R. Gives government direct role in economy and power to breakup big business/monopolies and protect interest of people/consumers
Sedition Act
Eugene Debs, U.S. Government
Amendment to the Espionage Act allowing the federal government to seize radicals, socialists., and those who openly oppose the draft and/or criticize policies. Upheld by the Supreme Court.
United States
1918
Expanded and increased federal control during World War I; limited freedom of speech.
Great Migration
African Americans in the South
Demographic shift. African Americans migrate to the north for work and to escape racial violence. Approximately 500,000 to 1 million.
Rural south to northern cities (i.e., Chicago, Detroit)
1914 to 1920
Migration changed the demographic make up of Northern cities and led to racial tension and violence.
Treaty of Versailles
Woodrow Wilson, European Representatives
Treaty that ends World War I. Centered around Wilson’s 14 Points and the League of Nations. Fails to win approval from Congress due to the concern of a loss of autonomy to Europe.
Versailles, United States
1918
Ended World War I. Demonstrated the strength of isolationism in the U.S. after the war. Set the stage for World War II.
18th Amendment
Congress, Woodrow Wilson
Amendment to the Constitution that banned the consumption, production, import, and sale of alcohol in the U.S.. Also known as “Prohibition”.
United States
1920
Bans alcohol in the U.S. Proves difficult to enforce. Number of speakeasies increase. Rise in organized crime. Repealed in 1933 with 21st Amendment.
19th Amendment
Congress, Woodrow Wilson, Alice Paul, Elizabeth Stanton, Susan B. Anthony
Amendment to the Constitution granting women the right to vote in the United States.
United States
1920
Culmination of Women’s Suffrage Movement. Political victory for feminists in the United States.
Scopes Trial
John Scopes, Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan
High school teacher, John Scopes, violates Tennessee’s Butler Act which prohibited the teaching of human evolution in any state funded school.
Dayton, Tennessee
1925
Trial publicized the Fundamentalist v. Modernist controversy. Continued the debate of the separation of church and state. Demonstrated that evangelical Christianity was still important in South.
Immigration Acts
Congress, Immigrants
Law limiting immigration by region based on the 1910 census.
United States
1921
Passed by Congress to limit the immigration from Southeastern Europe and “undesirable” countries. Indicative of xenophobia, racism, and nationalism of United States during the early 20th century. Added two new features to U.S. immigration law: numerical limits on immigration and the use of a quota system for establishing those limits, which came to be known as National Origins Formula.
Harlem Renaissance
African American Artists, Poets, Musicians, and Writers: Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Zora Neale Hurston, and Billie Holliday.
Cultural movement originating from Harlem that encouraged African Americans to embrace and cherish their unique culture and identity. Produced famous Artists, Poets, Musicians, and Writers.
Harlem, New York
1920 to 1930
Flowering of African American culture. Promoted identity, themes of racial pride, challenging racism and discrimination, and promoting integration; and produced culturally important individuals and work.
Social Security Act
Franklin D. Roosevelt. Congress.
Act that granted benefits to the elderly, unemployed, and dependent mothers.
United States
1935
Law that created a social safety net by establishing the Social Security program as well as unemployment insurance in the United States. Critiqued by Right Wing Conservatives as an overstepping of the bounds of federal government.
