Unit 8 Flashcards
1
Q
photosynthesis
A
method of converting solar energy into chemical energy stored in the bonds of complex food molecules usable by cells
2
Q
what does photosynthesis convert
A
solar energy into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate
3
Q
what are the three things photosynthysis is a source of
A
food, oxygen, chemical energy
4
Q
phototroughs
A
use sun energy to make organic compounds (like glucose) from light
5
Q
chemoautotrouphs
A
use chemical energy to make organic compounds
6
Q
what are chloroplasts
A
carbohydrate factories that use solar energy to form glucose, which is either used by the organism immediately or converted into other forms such as starch, cellulose, lactose, or sucrose
7
Q
A
8
Q
electromagnetic spectrum
A
a continuum of all electromagnetic waves (energy) arranged according to frequency and wave length
9
Q
what is a pigment
A
a chemical that absorbs light energy and gives an object its color
10
Q
what does chlorophyll not absorb and what does it cause
A
it doesn’t absorb green light, making it reflect the color green
11
Q
what is light necessary for
A
the production of chloroplasts as well as the melanin
12
Q
what is melanin
A
a protein pigment found in epidermal cells, protects skin against radiation from the sun. and it is the reason you tan when you lay out in the sun.
13
Q
what are the 4 types of chlorophyll
A
Chlorophyll A, B, C, D
14
Q
what is Chlorophyll A
A
most abundant and most important photosynthesis; blueish green pigment
15
Q
what is Chlorophyll B
A
yellowish-green
16
Q
what is Chlorophyll C
A
in brown algae
17
Q
what is Chlorophyll D
A
red algae
18
Q
where does most photosynthesis occur
A
in leaves
19
Q
what is leaf structure closely related with
A
its function
20
Q
in a leaf where does CO2 have to go
A
chloroplasts
21
Q
in a leaf where does O2 have to go
A
out of the leaf (waste product)
22
Q
what is stroma
A
colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast
23
Q
what are the “chocolate chips” in chloroplasts
A
chlorophyll
24
Q
what is the “syrup” in a chloroplast
A
stroma
25
what is the "sausage" in the chloroplast
lamella
26
what are the "pancakes" in chloroplasts
thylakoids
27
what are the "stacks of pancakes" in the chloroplasts called
grana
28
outer membrane
separates the chloroplasts from the rest of the cell
29
inner membrane
regulates the diffusion of necessary materials in and out of the chloroplast
30
what does the inner membrane increase
the amount of surface are for more photosynthesis
31
what does the stroma serve as
channels in the epidermis
32
what does stroma allow gases to do
diffuse directly into and out of the leaf
33
where are the stromata mostly located
the bottom of the leaf
34
why are the stromata mostly located on the bottom of the leaf
to reduce water loss (transpiration) caused by direct exposure to the rays of the sun
35
what colors are carotene and xanthophyll
orange and yellow
36
what happens to the chlorophyll when the light intensity increases
it begins to break down, allowing other pigments to show through
37
why do most plants appear green
because the chlorophyll masks all of the other pigments since it has such a high concentration in the leaf
38
what is the #1 energy-carrying molecule in all living things
ATP
39
where is energy stored
in the phosphate bond
40
what does photosynthesis produce
thousand of new glucose molecules each second
41
what two stages can photosynthesis be broken down into
the light reaction and the dark reaction
42
what does the light reaction require
light, it doesn't occur unless light is present
43
where does the light reaction take place
the grana
44
what does the light reaction require other than light
chlorophyll
45
what are the two steps of the light reaction
photophosphorylation and electron transport chain
46
what is photophosphorylation also known as
photosystem
47
what happens during photophosphorylation
chlorophyll captures light energy to produce energized electrons
48
what is a waste product of photophosphorylation
O2
49
does the dark reaction require light
no, it can occur at any given time
50
where does the dark reaction take place
the stroma
51
what does the dark reaction require
the products of the light reaction
52
what happens during carbon fixation
ATP and NADPH from the previous step difuse into the molecule; these halves then come together to form a glucose molecule
53
what does carbon fixation turn "useless" inorganic carbon into
"useful" organic glucose
54
what can the glucose produced by photosynthesis be stored as
starch and cellulose
55
what are starch and cellulose
carbohydrates
56
what are 3 factors that can affect photosynthesis
light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature
57
light intensity
the stronger the light intensity, the faster the rate of photosynthesis until a maximum is reached as all reactants and all organelles are used
58
CO2 concentration
the greater the concentration of CO2, the faster the rate of photosynthesis until a maximum is reached
59
temperature
the rate will be slower in very cold and very hot temperatures. An optimum temperature with a maximum rate will be achieved
60
adaptations
special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a particular place of habitat
61
why are certain plants found in some places but not others
their adaptations help them survive in certain environments and not others
62
what are most plants in our area
C3
63
what do C3 plants go through
the Calvin cycle
64
how many times do C3 plants go through the Calvin cycle
3 times
65
what do C3 plants produce
half-glucose
66
why do the half-glucose molecules from C3 plants diffuse into form
they diffuse into the cytoplasm to form glucose when needed
67
what can the extra C in C4 be released into
the leaf for use when the stroma close
68
what weather conditions do C4 plants not do well in
cold weather
69
what does CAM stand for
crassulacean acid metabolism
70
what does CAM allow plants in acid conditions to do
thrive
71
give examples of CAM plants
cacti and suculents
72
describe CAM
the stromata of a plant opens all night to stop the loss of water, and it states closed during the day
73
heterotrophs
cannot produce their own food due to the lack of chlorophyll
74
where do heterotrophs get their energy
outside sources (other organisms)
75
give examples of heterotrophs
dogs, bird, fish, human
76
cellular respiration
the process all eukaryotes use to break down carbs and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when O2 is present
77
what does some of the energy from the food you digest go
escapes as heat
78
do plants use cellular respiration
yes
79
what are the steps of respiration
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport chain
80
glycosis
series of reactions in the cytoplasm which breaks down 6C glucose into 3C pyrovate, and makes ATP and NADPH to be used in e- transport train
81
tricarboxylic acid cycle
breaks down pryruvate further in the mitochondria, produces electron charges NADPH and FADH
82
what does the Krebs cycle give off as a waste product
CO2
83
Electron transport chain
used O2 as final e-s acceptor to produce ATP
84
what does the electron transport chain give off as a waste product
water
85
why do we need oxygen
no oxygen, no final e-s acceptor, no ATP, No life!!
86
where does photosynthesis occur
Chloroplast
87
where does cellular respiration occur
mitochondria
88
when does photosynthesis occur
during the day when sunlight is available
89
when does cellular respiration occur
day and night
90
what is formation also known as
anerobic cellular respiration
91
what is fermation
making ATP w/out oxygen
92
how much ATP does one glucose form in aerobic organisms
38
93
how many ATP does one glucose form in aneronic organsims
2
94
what is the blade part of a leaf
a flattened portion that is connected to the plant by the peptiole
95
what is a peptiole
the pipeline through which the products of photosynthesis are moved from the individual leaves to the rest of the plant
96
why is the blade broad and flat
for maximum sun absorption
97
what do simple leaves have
a single undivided blade
98
what does compound leaves have
two or more leaflets
99
what is the cuticle of a leaf
a waxy covering around the lead that prevents water loss
100
what is the epidermis of a leaf
the outermost layer of living plant cells (plant skin)
101
what is the stromata
pores in the leaf that let carbon dioxide in and water and oxygen out`
102
what are guard cells
cells in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange
103
what is transpiration
the loss of water through the stomata
104
what is turgor pressure
the pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall
105
what are two vascular tissues
xylem and phloem
106
veins in leaves
extensions that run from the tops of the roots all the way up to the edges of the leaves and transport water and the dissolved minerals
107
bundle sheath cells
outer layer of the vein that creates a circle around the vesicular tissues
108
xylem
vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
109
phloem
transports glucose from the leaves down and through the plant
110
mesophyll
spongy tissue in the interior of the leaf where most chloroplasts are found
111
palisade layer
the layer of cells in a leaf where most photosynthesis occurs
112
spongy layer
moist, loosely packed layer of cells containing chloroplasts
113
palisade cells
elongated, narrow, tightly-packed cells that lie just under the epidermis
113
how thick is the epidermis
only a single cell thick
114
what causes turgor pressure
humidity, temperature, and light
115
how does turgor pressure apply to the stomata and guard cells
it helps the stromata open and close as necessary to control the O2
116
what does the word mesophyll mean
middle leaf
117
what is the name for the waxy covering on the leaf
cuticle
118
where does the water leave the plant
the stomata
119
what is it called when water leaves the leaf
transpiration
120
how does the placement of veins help to carry out their function of transporting materials to and from the leaf
it reaches all parts of the leaf
121
in photosynthesis what are the two major reactions that take place
light-dependent, light-independent
122
where does the light-dependent take place
thylakoid
123
where does the light INdependent reaction take place
stroma
124
where does the glycosis occur
cytosol
125
what is photophosphorylation also known as
photosystem
126
what is an autotroph
an organism that can make their own food
127
what is a heterotroph
an organsim that relies on outside sources for food
128
what molecule is used by living things to store and transfer energy
ATP
129
what is the carbohydrate that is produced during photosynthesis
glucose
130
What do plants store glucose as
starch or cellulose
131
what is the pigment found in human skin that absorbs energy from the sun to produce more of itself
melanin
132
what is the plant version of melanin
chloroplast
133
what wavelengths are best absorbed by green plants
red, orange, yellow, blue
134
what wavelength is reflected by green plants
green, that is why they appear green
135
how are carotene pigments different from chlorophyll
carotene is orange and shows up when the sun intensity is lower when the chlorophyll starts breaking down
136
when do you see pigments other than chlorophyll
when the sun intensity is not that high and the chlorophyll starts to break down
137
can carotene multiply
no
138
what steps are involved in the light reaction
phosphorylation and electron transport chain
139
what steps are involved in the dark reaction
calvin cycle
140
what reactants are used in the light reaction
H2O and light energy e-s and H+
141
what reactants are used for dark reation
CO2 and products of the light reaction
142
what products are made from photophosphorylation
energized e-s
143
what products are made from electron transport chain
ATP, NADPH
144
what are the products of the calvin cycle
1/2 glucose
145
what is carbon fixation
it takes used inorganic carbon and makes it into organic glucose
146
why is carbon fixation so important
it produces the glucose from photosynthesis
147
what does the cuticle do
prevent water loss and protects the plant from invading bacteria, fungi, and insects
148
what is the outermost layer of cells lining the top and bottom leaf
epidermis
149
what vein transports water from the roots up
xylem
150
what vein transports glucose from the leaves through the plant
pholem
151
where does photosynthesis occur
chloroplast
152
where does cellular respiration occur
mitochondria
153
what gets broken down during glycosis
6C glucose and turns it into 3C pyrovate
154
what is the waste product of photosynthesis
Oxygen
155
what is the waste product of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
156
how many ATP does aerobic cellular respiration produce
38
157
how many ATP does anaerobic respiraiton fermentation produce
2
158
why is photosynthesis the most important reaction
it gives the earth food, oxygen and chemical engergy
