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Biology Semester 2 > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

photosynthesis

A

method of converting solar energy into chemical energy stored in the bonds of complex food molecules usable by cells

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2
Q

what does photosynthesis convert

A

solar energy into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate

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3
Q

what are the three things photosynthysis is a source of

A

food, oxygen, chemical energy

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4
Q

phototroughs

A

use sun energy to make organic compounds (like glucose) from light

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5
Q

chemoautotrouphs

A

use chemical energy to make organic compounds

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6
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

carbohydrate factories that use solar energy to form glucose, which is either used by the organism immediately or converted into other forms such as starch, cellulose, lactose, or sucrose

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

a continuum of all electromagnetic waves (energy) arranged according to frequency and wave length

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9
Q

what is a pigment

A

a chemical that absorbs light energy and gives an object its color

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10
Q

what does chlorophyll not absorb and what does it cause

A

it doesn’t absorb green light, making it reflect the color green

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11
Q

what is light necessary for

A

the production of chloroplasts as well as the melanin

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12
Q

what is melanin

A

a protein pigment found in epidermal cells, protects skin against radiation from the sun. and it is the reason you tan when you lay out in the sun.

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13
Q

what are the 4 types of chlorophyll

A

Chlorophyll A, B, C, D

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14
Q

what is Chlorophyll A

A

most abundant and most important photosynthesis; blueish green pigment

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15
Q

what is Chlorophyll B

A

yellowish-green

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16
Q

what is Chlorophyll C

A

in brown algae

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17
Q

what is Chlorophyll D

A

red algae

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18
Q

where does most photosynthesis occur

A

in leaves

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19
Q

what is leaf structure closely related with

A

its function

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20
Q

in a leaf where does CO2 have to go

A

chloroplasts

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21
Q

in a leaf where does O2 have to go

A

out of the leaf (waste product)

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22
Q

what is stroma

A

colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast

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23
Q

what are the “chocolate chips” in chloroplasts

A

chlorophyll

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24
Q

what is the “syrup” in a chloroplast

A

stroma

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25
Q

what is the “sausage” in the chloroplast

A

lamella

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26
Q

what are the “pancakes” in chloroplasts

A

thylakoids

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27
Q

what are the “stacks of pancakes” in the chloroplasts called

A

grana

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28
Q

outer membrane

A

separates the chloroplasts from the rest of the cell

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29
Q

inner membrane

A

regulates the diffusion of necessary materials in and out of the chloroplast

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30
Q

what does the inner membrane increase

A

the amount of surface are for more photosynthesis

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31
Q

what does the stroma serve as

A

channels in the epidermis

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32
Q

what does stroma allow gases to do

A

diffuse directly into and out of the leaf

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33
Q

where are the stromata mostly located

A

the bottom of the leaf

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34
Q

why are the stromata mostly located on the bottom of the leaf

A

to reduce water loss (transpiration) caused by direct exposure to the rays of the sun

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35
Q

what colors are carotene and xanthophyll

A

orange and yellow

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36
Q

what happens to the chlorophyll when the light intensity increases

A

it begins to break down, allowing other pigments to show through

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37
Q

why do most plants appear green

A

because the chlorophyll masks all of the other pigments since it has such a high concentration in the leaf

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38
Q

what is the #1 energy-carrying molecule in all living things

A

ATP

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39
Q

where is energy stored

A

in the phosphate bond

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40
Q

what does photosynthesis produce

A

thousand of new glucose molecules each second

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41
Q

what two stages can photosynthesis be broken down into

A

the light reaction and the dark reaction

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42
Q

what does the light reaction require

A

light, it doesn’t occur unless light is present

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43
Q

where does the light reaction take place

A

the grana

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44
Q

what does the light reaction require other than light

A

chlorophyll

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45
Q

what are the two steps of the light reaction

A

photophosphorylation and electron transport chain

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46
Q

what is photophosphorylation also known as

A

photosystem

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47
Q

what happens during photophosphorylation

A

chlorophyll captures light energy to produce energized electrons

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48
Q

what is a waste product of photophosphorylation

A

O2

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49
Q

does the dark reaction require light

A

no, it can occur at any given time

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50
Q

where does the dark reaction take place

A

the stroma

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51
Q

what does the dark reaction require

A

the products of the light reaction

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52
Q

what happens during carbon fixation

A

ATP and NADPH from the previous step difuse into the molecule; these halves then come together to form a glucose molecule

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53
Q

what does carbon fixation turn “useless” inorganic carbon into

A

“useful” organic glucose

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54
Q

what can the glucose produced by photosynthesis be stored as

A

starch and cellulose

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55
Q

what are starch and cellulose

A

carbohydrates

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56
Q

what are 3 factors that can affect photosynthesis

A

light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature

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57
Q

light intensity

A

the stronger the light intensity, the faster the rate of photosynthesis until a maximum is reached as all reactants and all organelles are used

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58
Q

CO2 concentration

A

the greater the concentration of CO2, the faster the rate of photosynthesis until a maximum is reached

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59
Q

temperature

A

the rate will be slower in very cold and very hot temperatures. An optimum temperature with a maximum rate will be achieved

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60
Q

adaptations

A

special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a particular place of habitat

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61
Q

why are certain plants found in some places but not others

A

their adaptations help them survive in certain environments and not others

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62
Q

what are most plants in our area

A

C3

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63
Q

what do C3 plants go through

A

the Calvin cycle

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64
Q

how many times do C3 plants go through the Calvin cycle

A

3 times

65
Q

what do C3 plants produce

A

half-glucose

66
Q

why do the half-glucose molecules from C3 plants diffuse into form

A

they diffuse into the cytoplasm to form glucose when needed

67
Q

what can the extra C in C4 be released into

A

the leaf for use when the stroma close

68
Q

what weather conditions do C4 plants not do well in

A

cold weather

69
Q

what does CAM stand for

A

crassulacean acid metabolism

70
Q

what does CAM allow plants in acid conditions to do

A

thrive

71
Q

give examples of CAM plants

A

cacti and suculents

72
Q

describe CAM

A

the stromata of a plant opens all night to stop the loss of water, and it states closed during the day

73
Q

heterotrophs

A

cannot produce their own food due to the lack of chlorophyll

74
Q

where do heterotrophs get their energy

A

outside sources (other organisms)

75
Q

give examples of heterotrophs

A

dogs, bird, fish, human

76
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process all eukaryotes use to break down carbs and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when O2 is present

77
Q

what does some of the energy from the food you digest go

A

escapes as heat

78
Q

do plants use cellular respiration

A

yes

79
Q

what are the steps of respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle
  3. Electron Transport chain
80
Q

glycosis

A

series of reactions in the cytoplasm which breaks down 6C glucose into 3C pyrovate, and makes ATP and NADPH to be used in e- transport train

81
Q

tricarboxylic acid cycle

A

breaks down pryruvate further in the mitochondria, produces electron charges NADPH and FADH

82
Q

what does the Krebs cycle give off as a waste product

A

CO2

83
Q

Electron transport chain

A

used O2 as final e-s acceptor to produce ATP

84
Q

what does the electron transport chain give off as a waste product

A

water

85
Q

why do we need oxygen

A

no oxygen, no final e-s acceptor, no ATP, No life!!

86
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

Chloroplast

87
Q

where does cellular respiration occur

A

mitochondria

88
Q

when does photosynthesis occur

A

during the day when sunlight is available

89
Q

when does cellular respiration occur

A

day and night

90
Q

what is formation also known as

A

anerobic cellular respiration

91
Q

what is fermation

A

making ATP w/out oxygen

92
Q

how much ATP does one glucose form in aerobic organisms

A

38

93
Q

how many ATP does one glucose form in aneronic organsims

A

2

94
Q

what is the blade part of a leaf

A

a flattened portion that is connected to the plant by the peptiole

95
Q

what is a peptiole

A

the pipeline through which the products of photosynthesis are moved from the individual leaves to the rest of the plant

96
Q

why is the blade broad and flat

A

for maximum sun absorption

97
Q

what do simple leaves have

A

a single undivided blade

98
Q

what does compound leaves have

A

two or more leaflets

99
Q

what is the cuticle of a leaf

A

a waxy covering around the lead that prevents water loss

100
Q

what is the epidermis of a leaf

A

the outermost layer of living plant cells (plant skin)

101
Q

what is the stromata

A

pores in the leaf that let carbon dioxide in and water and oxygen out`

102
Q

what are guard cells

A

cells in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange

103
Q

what is transpiration

A

the loss of water through the stomata

104
Q

what is turgor pressure

A

the pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall

105
Q

what are two vascular tissues

A

xylem and phloem

106
Q

veins in leaves

A

extensions that run from the tops of the roots all the way up to the edges of the leaves and transport water and the dissolved minerals

107
Q

bundle sheath cells

A

outer layer of the vein that creates a circle around the vesicular tissues

108
Q

xylem

A

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

109
Q

phloem

A

transports glucose from the leaves down and through the plant

110
Q

mesophyll

A

spongy tissue in the interior of the leaf where most chloroplasts are found

111
Q

palisade layer

A

the layer of cells in a leaf where most photosynthesis occurs

112
Q

spongy layer

A

moist, loosely packed layer of cells containing chloroplasts

113
Q

palisade cells

A

elongated, narrow, tightly-packed cells that lie just under the epidermis

113
Q

how thick is the epidermis

A

only a single cell thick

114
Q

what causes turgor pressure

A

humidity, temperature, and light

115
Q

how does turgor pressure apply to the stomata and guard cells

A

it helps the stromata open and close as necessary to control the O2

116
Q

what does the word mesophyll mean

A

middle leaf

117
Q

what is the name for the waxy covering on the leaf

A

cuticle

118
Q

where does the water leave the plant

A

the stomata

119
Q

what is it called when water leaves the leaf

A

transpiration

120
Q

how does the placement of veins help to carry out their function of transporting materials to and from the leaf

A

it reaches all parts of the leaf

121
Q

in photosynthesis what are the two major reactions that take place

A

light-dependent, light-independent

122
Q

where does the light-dependent take place

A

thylakoid

123
Q

where does the light INdependent reaction take place

A

stroma

124
Q

where does the glycosis occur

A

cytosol

125
Q

what is photophosphorylation also known as

A

photosystem

126
Q

what is an autotroph

A

an organism that can make their own food

127
Q

what is a heterotroph

A

an organsim that relies on outside sources for food

128
Q

what molecule is used by living things to store and transfer energy

A

ATP

129
Q

what is the carbohydrate that is produced during photosynthesis

A

glucose

130
Q

What do plants store glucose as

A

starch or cellulose

131
Q

what is the pigment found in human skin that absorbs energy from the sun to produce more of itself

A

melanin

132
Q

what is the plant version of melanin

A

chloroplast

133
Q

what wavelengths are best absorbed by green plants

A

red, orange, yellow, blue

134
Q

what wavelength is reflected by green plants

A

green, that is why they appear green

135
Q

how are carotene pigments different from chlorophyll

A

carotene is orange and shows up when the sun intensity is lower when the chlorophyll starts breaking down

136
Q

when do you see pigments other than chlorophyll

A

when the sun intensity is not that high and the chlorophyll starts to break down

137
Q

can carotene multiply

A

no

138
Q

what steps are involved in the light reaction

A

phosphorylation and electron transport chain

139
Q

what steps are involved in the dark reaction

A

calvin cycle

140
Q

what reactants are used in the light reaction

A

H2O and light energy e-s and H+

141
Q

what reactants are used for dark reation

A

CO2 and products of the light reaction

142
Q

what products are made from photophosphorylation

A

energized e-s

143
Q

what products are made from electron transport chain

A

ATP, NADPH

144
Q

what are the products of the calvin cycle

A

1/2 glucose

145
Q

what is carbon fixation

A

it takes used inorganic carbon and makes it into organic glucose

146
Q

why is carbon fixation so important

A

it produces the glucose from photosynthesis

147
Q

what does the cuticle do

A

prevent water loss and protects the plant from invading bacteria, fungi, and insects

148
Q

what is the outermost layer of cells lining the top and bottom leaf

A

epidermis

149
Q

what vein transports water from the roots up

A

xylem

150
Q

what vein transports glucose from the leaves through the plant

A

pholem

151
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

chloroplast

152
Q

where does cellular respiration occur

A

mitochondria

153
Q

what gets broken down during glycosis

A

6C glucose and turns it into 3C pyrovate

154
Q

what is the waste product of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen

155
Q

what is the waste product of cellular respiration

A

carbon dioxide

156
Q

how many ATP does aerobic cellular respiration produce

A

38

157
Q

how many ATP does anaerobic respiraiton fermentation produce

A

2

158
Q

why is photosynthesis the most important reaction

A

it gives the earth food, oxygen and chemical engergy

Biology Semester 2 (5 decks)

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