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Biology Semester 2 > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

Ecology

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1
Q

what happens since the earth is tilted on its axis

A

solar radiation hits different part of the surface at an angle that varies throughout the year

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2
Q

what does the sun do at the north and south poles

A

it is much lower in the sky for night at a time

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3
Q

describe the polar zone

A

cold areas where the sun’s rays strike Earth at a very low angle

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4
Q

describe the tropical zone

A

receives direct or almost direct sunlight year-round and the climate is always warm

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5
Q

what does the unequal heating of Earth’s surface cause

A

it drives winds and ocean currents which transport heat through the biosphere

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6
Q

ecology

A

the scientific study of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment

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7
Q

environment

A

includes biotic factors (organisms that share the habitat) and abiotic factors (such as sun intensity, windy temp, precipitation, climate, geology)

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8
Q

subatomic particles

A

protons and electrons

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9
Q

atoms

A

CHONPS

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10
Q

macromolecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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11
Q

organelles

A

specialized structure that performs an important cellular function within Eukaryotes

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12
Q

cell

A

building block of all living things

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13
Q

tissues

A

group of cells that function together to carry out an activity

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14
Q

organ

A

group of tissues that function together to carry out activities

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15
Q

organ system

A

group of organs that work together to perform a major life function (digestion, respiration, circulation, reproduction, etc)

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16
Q

organism

A

unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all the characteristics of life

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17
Q

species

A

group of interbreeding organisms capable of producing fertile offspring

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18
Q

population

A

group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time; they compete with one another for food, water, mates, and other resources

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19
Q

communities

A

several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and can function because each organism within the ecosystem depends on other organisms

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20
Q

ecosystem

A

populations in a community and the abiotic factors with which they interact

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21
Q

biospheres

A

a portion of the earth that supports life

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22
Q

why do we study ecology

A

to better understand the world around us

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23
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria

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24
Q

eukaryotes

A

protists, plants, animals, fungi

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25
Q

producers

A

make their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

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26
Q

photosynthesis

A

conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy

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27
Q

chemosynthesis

A

process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates

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28
Q

consumers

A

cannot make their own food, rely on other organisms

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29
Q

what are the 3 types of consumers

A

herbivores, carnivores, onmnivores

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30
Q

decomposers

A

break down dead plants and animals (detitus) to recycle nutrients through the biosphere

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31
Q

habitat

A

the place where organisms live

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32
Q

what kind of range do all animals have

A

tolerance range

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33
Q

Niche

A

the ecological role of an organism in its community

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34
Q

occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource at the same time in the same place

results in a winner and loser

A

competition

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35
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

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36
Q

predation

A

an interaction in which one organism (predaot) captures and feeds on another organism (prey)

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37
Q

herbivory

A

an interaction in which a herbivore eats parts of a plant or algae

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38
Q

keystone species

A

single species that is not usually abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on the structure of a community

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39
Q

Symbiosis

A

any relationship in which two species live close together

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40
Q

three types of symbiosis

A

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

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41
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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42
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits while the other is unharmed

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43
Q

parasitism

A

one organism lives in or on another organism and harms it

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44
Q

ecological succession

A

ecosystems constantly change in response to natural and human disturbances

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45
Q

a series or predictable changes that occur in a community over time

A

ecological succesion

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46
Q

primary succession

A

succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil of anything exists

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47
Q

pioneer species

A

first organism to populate an area

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48
Q

lichens

A

a mutualistic relationship of fungus and a photosynthetic organism like algae, can grow on bare rock

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49
Q

climax community

A

a stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes

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50
Q

secondary succesion

A

the return of an ecosystem to its original condition after a disturbance

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51
Q

biome

A

a group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms

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52
Q

natural selection

A

a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

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53
Q

biochemical cycle

A

process by which materials necessary for an organism’s survival are circulated through the environment

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54
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

process by which atmospheric nitrogen enters the soil and becomes part of living organisms before returning to the atmosphere once again

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55
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

process of converting “useless” nitrogen from the air into useful forms such as ammonium or nitrate ions

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55
Q

what macromolecule is nitrogen an essential part of

A

amino acids

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55
Q

what makes up 78% of the atmosphere

A

nitrogen

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56
Q

ammonification

A

when plants and animals die, the nitrogenous compounds within their tissues can be broken down into ammonia by other types of bacteria

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57
Q

how are animal wastes broken down

A

smmonification

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58
Q

assimilation

A

the ammonia produced by ammonification can be assimilated (reused) to make other plants grow

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59
Q

nitrification

A

the ammonia produced during ammonification can be dissolved in water or held in the soil where microorganisms convert it into nitrated through the process of nitrification

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60
Q

denitrification

A

process by which the various nitrogen compounds are converted to the atmosphere

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61
Q

what is one of the primary elements, forming all living organisms

A

carbon

61
Q

carbon cycle

A

the exchange of carbon between living organisms and non-living environments

62
Q

included in crucial life processes such as photosynthesis and respiration

A

carbon

63
Q

what happens in carbon reservoirs

A

carbon is trapped in trees and fossil fuels and released when they are burned

64
Q

whos theory’s does the evolution of population link

A

Darwin’s theory of evolution and Medal’s pea work

65
Q

why is genetic variation important

A

genetic variation in populations leads to differences in phenotypes, thus increasing the chances that some individuals will survive

66
Q

does natural selection act on phenotypes or genotypes

A

phenotypes

67
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species that interbreed

68
Q

what is caused from members of a population interbreeding

A

a gene pool

68
Q

gene pool

A

all the genes, including all the alleles from each gene present in a population

69
Q

allele frequency

A

the number of times an allele occurs in the gene pool compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for that gene with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur

69
Q

what is evolution in genetic terms

A

any change in the relation frequency of alleles in a population

70
Q

do populations or individuals evolve

A

populations

71
Q

mutation

A

changes in DNA sequencing; may be from mistakes in DNA replication, or exposure to radiation or chemicals in the environment

72
Q

genetic shuffling

A

results from meiosis and sexual reproduction. Crossing over further increases the # or genotypes

72
Q

what does phenotype expression of a gene depend on

A

of genes controlling the trait

72
Q

single gene trait

A

controlled by one gene with two alleles; natural selection on these traits can lead to changes in allele frequency and this to evolution

73
Q

what can affect the distribution of phenotypes

A

natural selection

73
Q

polygenic trait

A

controlled by two or more genes with two or more alleles which result in many possible genotypes and phenotypes in a bell shaped curve

74
Q

what are the three ways natural selection can affect the distribution of phenotypes

A

directional, stabilizing, disruptive

74
Q

form of natual selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than those in the middle or at the other end of the curve

A

directional selection

75
Q

form of natural selection where the center of the curve remains in its current position but the bell is tighter; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end

A

stabilizing selection

76
Q

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of distribution carve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle resulting in two distinct phenotypes

A

disruptive

77
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations

78
Q

is natural selection the only source of evolutionary change

A

no

79
Q

founder effect

A

type of fenetic drift that happens when a small group of people start a new population

79
Q

genetic bottleneck

A

a type of genetic drift that occurs after a population #s decline quickly

79
Q
A
80
Q

what do scientists do to see how evolutionary change operates

A

they see what happens when no change takes place

81
Q

what happens if there is no selection pressures for or against a trait

A

the frequency of dominant and recessive alleles for a trait will be constant, and you can predict the genotype of the next generation

82
Q

how many conditions are required for equalibrium

A

5

83
Q

what is the 1st condition for equilibrium

A

there must be random mating

84
Q

what is the 2nd condition for equilibrium

A

the population must be large

85
Q
A
85
Q

what is the 4th condition for equilibrium

A

no mutations

86
Q

what is the 5th condition for equilibrium

A

no natural selection

86
Q

speciation

A

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

87
Q

what are the 3 types of isolation

A

behavioral, geographic, and temperal

88
Q

behavioral isolation

A

two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevents them from interbreeding

89
Q

geographic isolation

A

isolation betweeen populations due to physical barriers

89
Q

temporal isolation

A

two populations reproduce at different times

90
Q
A
90
Q

coevolution

A

process by which two species evolve in response to changes in eachother

91
Q

what is likely to happen when different species have close ecological interactions with each other

A

coevolution

92
Q
A
92
Q

interbreeding among members of a population does not alter what

A

the different types of alleles in the gene pool

93
Q

in genetic drift, allele frequencies change because of what

A

chance

94
Q

mutations do NOT always effect what

A

phenotypes

95
Q

populations are separated by barriers such as rivers, mountains, bodies of water, etc…. in what

A

geographic isolation

96
Q

condition required for maintaining genetic equilibrium

A

no movement in or out of the population

96
Q

genetic equilibrium of a population can be distributed by everything except

A

a large population size

97
Q

example of a polygenic trait in humans is

A

height

97
Q

all members of a population are allowed to do what

A

interbreed

98
Q

list of examples of organisms that are primary producers

A

grass, tree, flower, bush

98
Q
A
99
Q
A
99
Q

how are herbivores and carnivores alike

A

both are consumers

100
Q
A
101
Q

what is another word for heterotroph

A

consumer

102
Q
A
102
Q

list examples of abiotic factors

A

sun intensity, temp, soil,rocks, water

103
Q

list 3 renewable sources

A

trees, biomass, windpower

103
Q

what does it mean to say that a resource is non-renewable

A

cannot be replaced after they are used (coal, oil, fossil fuels)

104
Q

why do introduced or invasive species threaten biodiversity

A

they can crowd out native species

105
Q

how is climate defined

A

the average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a region

106
Q

when would primary succession most likely occur

A

after a volcanic eruption

107
Q
A
107
Q

describe what happens during ecological succession of an ecosystem

A

constantly changing from human and natural changes, changes that occur in a community

108
Q

give an example of organisms that might be found in a climax community like in NW indiana

A

shrubs and trees

108
Q
A
108
Q
A
108
Q

how do predators affect their prey’s population

A

they eat and kill them

109
Q
A
109
Q

how do greenhouse gasses affect the atmosphere

A

they create a quilt-like cover on the atmosphere so heat cant escape, causing the atmosphere to heat up

110
Q
A
111
Q
A
111
Q

why are lichens important to the ecosystem

A

they can grow on bare rock; pioneer species; can form soil

112
Q

what are the four factors that influence ecosystems

A

agriculture, urban development, other species, climate change

113
Q
A
113
Q

autotroph

A

an organism that makes it own food

114
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism that cannot make its own food

115
Q

what do food chains show

A

what animals eat other animals and what animals just eat plants

116
Q

what do the arrow in a food chain represent

A

transfer of energy

117
Q

weather

A

day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation, and other factors

118
Q

population

A

a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

119
Q

the trapping of heat by the atmosphere, the latitude, the transport of heat by winds and ocean currents, the amount of precipitation that results, the shape and elevation of land mass, the energy of incoming sunlight drives the Earth’s weather

A

causes of climate

120
Q

what is the effect that is like a blanket vs quilt

A

greenhouse effect

121
Q

what traps the heat energy and maintains earth’s temperature range

A

CO2, CH4, water vapor, and more

122
Q

define the greenhouse effect

A

the greenhouse effect is the increasing amount of greenhouse gasses in that atmosphere as a result of human activities, and their impact on atmospheric systems

123
Q

what happens at noon on the equator

A

the sun hits all year round

124
Q

what are the three main climate zones of Earth

A

polar, temperate, tropical

125
Q

describe the Temperate zone

A

temperature changes from hot to cold depending on the season (middle zone)

126
Q

why does wind form

A

warm air rises and cool air sinks

Biology Semester 2 (5 decks)

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