Unit 7.2-Personality

Question 1

Issues in Personality Theory

Answer 1

-Equilibrium or growth?
-Uniqueness or universality?
-Optimism or pessimism?
-Past or present/future?
-Nature or nurture?
(POUNE)

Question 2

Personality perspectives

Answer 2

-Psychodynamic
-Humanistic
-Trait
-Social-cognitive

Question 3

Freud’s Iceberg Theory

Answer 3

1. Ego (Top)
2. Superego (Middle)
3. Id (Bottom)

Question 4

Hans and Eyseneck

Answer 4

2 Personality Perspectives
-Introversion vs. Extroversion
-Neuroticism vs. Stability

Question 5

What is the denial d.m?

Answer 5

-Refusal to accept reality or facts
-Block external circumstances or events from the mind to not deal with emotion

Question 6

What is the repression d.m?

Answer 6

-Instead of facing thoughts, people may unconsciously hide them in an attempt to forget them
-May still influence behavior and impact future relationships

Question 7

What is the projection d.m?

Answer 7

-Missatributing feelings to other people

Question 8

What is the displacement d.m?

Answer 8

-Directing strong emotions and feelings toward an unthreatening object/person
^Allows for impulse to react w/o significant consequences

Question 9

What is the regression d.m?

Answer 9

-May unconsciously “escape” to an earlier stage in development

Question 10

What is the rationalization d.m?

Answer 10

-Attempting to explain undesirable behaviors with their own set of “facts”
^Allows you to feel comfortable with chosen decision

Question 11

What is the sublimation d.m?

Answer 11

-Redirecting strong emotions and feelings into an object/activity that is appropriate and safe

Question 12

What is the reaction formation d.m?

Answer 12

-People recognize how they feel, but they choose to act in an opposite manner of their instincts

Question 13

What is the compartmentalization d.m?

Answer 13

-Seperating your life into independent sectors to feel like your protecting aspects of it

Question 14

What is the intellectualization d.m?

Answer 14

-Removing all emotion from your responses and focus on quantitative facts

Question 15

What is the id?

Answer 15

-The id is your animalistic and most basic instincts
-Located in your unconscious (largely unaware of it)
-Id works on the pleasure principle: The notion that your sole objective is to strive for pleasure and avoid pain

Question 16

What is the ego?

Answer 16

-The ego is the boss or executive part of your personality
-Located in the conscious (part of our personality that we are aware of and everyone sees
-Its job: To satisfy the id while understanding the limitations of the environment
-Ego works on the reality principle: How to function in the real world
-Mediater between superego and id

Question 17

What is the superego?

Answer 17

-The superego is the part of our personality that develops last
-Located in the preconscious
-Superego is responsible for our morals and the sense of right vs. wrong
-Develops around the age of 9
-Learned from parents, peers, and TV

Question 18

Freud’s Methods of Exploring the Unconscious

Answer 18

1. Dream Interpretation: Manifest vs. Latent Content
2. Hypnosis: State of heightened suggestibility
3. Free association: Asked to freely share thoughts, random words, and anything else that comes to mind

Question 19

Freudian Slip

Answer 19

-Verbal mistake that is believed to be linked to the unconscious mind

Question 20

Problems with Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 20

Development doesn’t stop in childhood
Few objective observations and hypotheses
Fails to predict behaviors and traits
Modern research contradicts repression Little proof of defense mechanisms except for…
a.) Reaction formation
b.) Projection (False consensus effect)

Question 21

Thematic Apperception Test-TAT (Projection Test)

Answer 21

Shown ambiguous pictures and asked to make up stories about them
Allows person to project feelings and interests onto picture

Question 22

Rorschach Inkblot Test (Projective Tests)

Answer 22

-Shown various ambiguous inkblots and asked to describe what they see
-Analyze responses to understand a person’s inner feelings, thoughts, and issues

Question 23

Carl Yung

Answer 23

Collective Unconscious→Common to all humans; a “reservoir of the experiences of our species”

Question 24

Alfred Adler

Answer 24

Inferiority Complex→ Compensate for feelings of worthlessness by acting superior

Question 25

Karen Horney

Answer 25

-Thought childhood anxiety was caused by a dependent child’s feelings of helplessness
-Believed men possessed “womb envy” (women can have children and men can’t

Question 26

Carl Rogers

Answer 26

Ideal vs. Real Self

Question 27

Barnum Effect

Answer 27

-The tendency for people to accept general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate

Question 28

Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective

Answer 28

-Given the right conditions, we’ll develop our full potential
-Conditions: Genuine acceptance (unconditional positive regard) and empathy

Question 29

Self Concept

Answer 29

All the thoughts and feeling that define the self

Question 30

Individualistic Culture

Answer 30

Value personal achievement and fulfillment

Question 31

Collectivistic Culture

Answer 31

Value group goals and solidarity

Question 32

Temperament

Answer 32

-An individual’s characteristic level of emotional excitability or intensity
-Typically recognized within the first few weeks after birth

Question 33

Gordon Alpert (with Henry Odbert)-Trait Perspective

Answer 33

-Identified 18,000 words in the dictionary that describe people

Question 34

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

Answer 34

-Assesses psychological disorders (not normal traits)

Question 35

Costa and McCrae

Answer 35

-Ocean Big 5 personality
O-openness
C-conscientiousness
E-extraversion
A-agreeableness
N-neuroticism
(New one added: Honesty-humility)

Question 36

Albert Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 36

-Interacting factors between personality and environmental factors (Internal factors, environmental factors, and behavior)

Question 37

Self-Efficacy

Answer 37

-Belief in ability to complete a future task/solve a problem

Question 38

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 38

-Tendency to attribute positive outcomes to personal factors but negative outcomes to external factors

Question 39

Internal Locus of Control

Answer 39

Perception that you can choose your own fate

Question 40

External Locus of Control

Answer 40

Perception that outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate