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AP Psychology > Unit 4: Learning and Conditioning > Flashcards

Unit 4: Learning and Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in observable behavior due to experiences

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2
Q

Behaviorism

A

View that psychology should restrict its efforts to to studying observable behavior, not mental processes

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3
Q

Person associated with behaviorism and experiment:

A

John Watson; Little Albert Experiment

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4
Q

Classical conditioning:

A

Learning that occurs when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired (involuntary behavior)

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5
Q

Operant conditioning:

A

Voluntary action with a consequence

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6
Q

Types of Stimuli:

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Stimulus that causes automatic response
Neutral Stimulus (NS): Stimulus that doesn’t trigger a response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Learned stimulus

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7
Q

Types of Responses:

A

No Response (NR): No reaction
Unconditioned Response (UR): Automatic reaction
Conditioned Response (CR): Learned reaction

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8
Q

Ivan Pavlov’s Experiment:

A

Classically conditioned dogs to salivate at a stimulus such as a bell (expected food)

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9
Q

Acquisition:

A

Repeatedly pair neutral stimulus w/ unconditioned stimulus until a conditioned response is produced

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10
Q

Extinction

A

Conditioned stimulus no longer paired w/ unconditioned stimulus so conditioned response weakens/disappears

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11
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Reappearance of conditioned response after rest period

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12
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

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13
Q

Discrimination

A

Being able to differentiate between between conditioned stimulus and other stimulus

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14
Q

High Order Conditioning

A

Conditioned stimulus paired with neutral stimulus to create a second conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Rescorla and Contingency Theory

A

-Showed that an organism can learn the predictability of a response
-This means that some information processing happens during classical conditioning

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16
Q

Taste Aversion and Person Associated

A

-Distaste for a particular taste or smell is associated with a negative reaction
-A.K.A Garcia Effect (named for John Garcia)

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17
Q

Law of Effect

A

Law of Effect:
-Good consequences→ Behavior increased
-Bad consequences→Behavior decreased

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18
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Associated with Law of Effect; put cats into a box that needed to be opened; found that after opening the box the first time, cats got faster because they got fish waiting outside

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19
Q

B.F Skinner’s Experiment

A

Put rats in a box and good behavior got rewarded with food, if the rat didn’t do as it should, it got mildly shocked

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20
Q

Shaping

A

A technique using a series of positive reinforcements to create a more complex behavior

21
Q

Chaining

A

Teaching subjects to perform number or responses successively in order to get a reward (e.g: running an objstacle course)

22
Q

Positive Reinforcement:

A

Adding something good to increase good behavior

23
Q

Negative Reinforcement:

A

Taking away something bad to increase good behavior

24
Q

Positive Punishment:

A

Adding something bad to decrease bad behavior

25
Q

Negative Punishment:

A

Taking away something good to decrease bad behavior

26
Q

A primary reinforcer is…

A

Biological (food, water)

27
Q

A secondary reinforcer is…

A

Learned (good grades, money)

28
Q

An immediate reinforcer….

A

Occurs immediately

29
Q

A delayed reinforcer…

A

Gives up a small reward now for a bigger one later (A.K.A delayed gratification)

30
Q

Continuous Occurence

A

Behavior is reinforced everytime

31
Q

Partial Occurence

A

Behavior is reinforced sometimes

32
Q

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforced a certain amount of times

33
Q

Variable-Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforced at an unpredictable amount of times

34
Q

Fixed-Interval Schedule

A

Reinforced every so often

35
Q

Variable-Interval Schedule

A

Reinforced at random times

36
Q

Biological Predispositions

A

Easier to train natural behaviors w/ natural reinforcers

37
Q

Instinctive Drift:

A

Animals stop performing learned behaviors and revert back to more instinctual behaviors

38
Q

Insight Learning and person associated

A

Eureka moment-when you finally understand the solution to a problem (sudden realization); Wolfgang Kohler

39
Q

Latent Learning:

A

-Learning that isn’t demonstrated until reward is present (Edward Tolman)
-Cognitive map →mental representation of environment

40
Q

Modeling:

A

Modeling →Process of observing and imitating behavior

41
Q

Mirror Neurons:

A

Fires when acting or observing others act

42
Q

Token Economies:

A

-Every time people perform a desired behavior, they are given a token
-Periodically, they can trade the token for a variety of reinforces (e.j: Video games, elementary classrooms, etc.)

43
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observing others (social learning theory)

44
Q

Gender and emotion

A

-Women generally surpass men at reading people’s emotional cues
-Women’s nonverbal sensitivity helps explain their greater emotional literacy
-Their skill at decoding others’ emotions may also contribute to their greater emotional responsiveness

45
Q

What is the most universal way of expressing emotions?

A

Through facial expressions

46
Q

Ekman’s Facial Feedback Effect

A

-Facial movement can influence emotional experience
-Ex: Smile if you want to be happy
(Consistent with the James-Lange Theory)

47
Q

What is catharsis?

A

Reduced anger by releasing it through aggressive action or fantasy

48
Q

What is the feel-good-do-good phenomenon?

A

You’re more likely to do good and help others out when you yourself feel good

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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