Unit 7 Part 1 Flashcards
Instinct Theory
Motivated by inborn, automated behaviors
Drive-Reduction Theory
Motivated by biological needs (maintain homeostasis)
Arousal Theory
Motivated to obtain an optimum level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
Performance is best at moderate arousal levels
Incentive Theory
Motivated by external rewards
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Motivated by needs, must satisfy lowest needs first
Achievement Motivation
Examines our desire to master complex tasks/knowledge and achieve goals
Intrinsic Motivation
-Motivation driven by internal factors (enjoyment, satisfaction)
-Most effective sustain behavior for a long period of time
Extrinsic Motivation
-Motivation driven by an external reward or punishment
-Most effective for a shorter amount of time
Overjustification effect
-The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do
-The person may now see the reward, rather than the intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task
-Lowers intrinsic motivation
Affiliated Need
-Describes a person’s need to feel a sense of involvement and “belonging” within a social group
Lateral Hypothalamus
-When stimulated, it makes you hungry
-When lesioned, you’ll never be hungry again
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
-When stimulated, you feel full
-When lesioned, you’ll never feel full again
Kinsey’s Studies
C-onducted subjective interviews about people’s sexual behaviors
-Developed the Kinsey Scale (scale of sexuality ranging from heterosexuality to homosexuality)
-His research suggested that between 3% and 10% or people are homosexual
Masters and Johnson Study
-Observed people as they engaged in various sexual activities
-Developed the sexual response cycle
Sexual Response Cycle Stages
- Excitement: Genital areas become engorged with blood, penis becomes erect, clitoris swells, respiration and heart rate increases.
- Plateau: Respiration and heart rate continue at an elevated level, genitals secrete fluids in preparation for orgasm.
- Orgasm: Rhythmic genital contractions that may help conception. Respiration and heart rate increase further, males ejaculate (there is evidence of female ejaculation as well), often accompanied by a pleasurable euphoria.
- Resolution: Respiration and heart rate return to normal resting states. During this phase, people experience a refractory period.
Refractory Period
-Recovery period after orgasm which it is physiologically impossible to have additional orgasms
-Lasts from a few minutes to 1 day+
Only really affects men
The Brain and Sexual Orientation
-Cluster of cells in the hypothalamus is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homesexual men
Genetic Factors and Sexual Orientation
Homosexuality seems to run in families; more common in identical than fraternal twins
Prenatal Hormones and Sexual Orientation
-Current research points to hormonal levels in prenatal environment
