Unit 5 Part 2 Flashcards
Problem Solving Strategies-Trial and Error
Repeated, varied attepts which are continued until successful (ex: Battleship)
Problem Solving Strategies-Algorithims
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem (ex: formulas in math)
Problem Solving Strategies-Heuristics
A rule of thumb strategy or mental shortcut that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
(ex: lefty-loosey, righty-tighty)
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem (aha moment)
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe, once the outcome is already known, that you would have foreseen it
False Consensus Effect
An overestimation of how much other people share our beliefs and behaviors
Illusory Correlation
Imagining a correlational relationship exists when it really doesn’t
Intuition
Effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that confirm one’s preconceptions
Fixation
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Mental Set (Type of Fixation)
Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past
Functional Fixedness (Type of Fixation)
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Representative Heuristic
A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype (leads to stereotyping)
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory (ex: Ebola outbreak)
Over-confidence
Tendency to overestimate how accurate our judgements are
Belief Bias
Tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
Belief Perseverance
Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Framing
The way info is presented influences how an individual feels about the info
Convergent Thinking
Attempt to find a single, correct answer to a problem
Divergent Thinking
Generate many unique, creative responses to a problem
Phonemes
The smallest distictive sound unit (ex: Sheep has 3 phonemes sh/ee/p)
Morphemes
The smallest unit that carries meaning (ex: prefix or suffix; running has two morphemes run/ing)
Semanatics
Set of rules by which we derive meaning (ex: if you add “ed to the end of a word)
Syntax
The order of words and phrases
Grammar
System of rules governing the structure and use of a language
Language Development Stage 1-Babbling Stage
-4 months
-Babies starting to test out phenomes and limit them to the ones we need
Language Development Stage 2-One Word Stage (Holophrases)
-Around when babies are one
-Time where babies speak in single words
Language Development Stage 3-Two Word stage (telegraphic speech)
-2 years
-Combine words into simple commands
-Misapplication of grammar is called overgeneralization
Language Development Stage 4
-From 2 years on, language progresses rapidly
Skinner’s Behaviorist Theory
Positive reinforcement of appropriate grammar and language explains how children learn language
Chomsky’s Language Acquisition Theory
Born with a language acquisition device (innate ability to learn language quickly)
-Language, dialect, accents, etc. determined by the environment
Whorf’s Linguistic Determinism
The idea that language determines the way we think (ex: Eskimo language and snow)
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to reason speedily and abstractly
G (general intelligence) Theory
-Developed by Charles Spearman
-Used factor analysis which identifies clusters of related items (ej: Subdivisions of skills for mechanics)
Primary Mental Abilities Theory
-Created by L.L Thurstone
-Opposed Spearman
-Identified 7 primary mental abilities
^Word fluency, verbal comprehension, number, space, memory, perceptual speed, reasoning
Savant Syndrome
-Islands of genius in an individual w/ serious mental disabilities
-Separate neural centers for each intelligence exist
Triarchic Theory
-Developed by Robert Sternberg
-3 types of intelligence
1. Analytical-school smarts
2. Creative-innovative smarts
3. Practical-street smarts
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Aptitude Tests
Assess ability to learn (ex: SATs)
Achievement Tests
Assess what has been learned (ex: AP exams)
Francis Galton
-Phrenologist: Head size/bumps determines intelligence and personality traits
-Coined the term “eugenics” → human improvement through selective breeding
-Intelligence is inherited
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
-Designed objective test to predict student achievement in France
-Goal was to identify students who needed special attention
-Created mental age → what an average person of a particular age should know
-Test was called the Binet-Simon test
Lewis Terman and Will Stern
-Developed Stanford Binet test
-William Stern developed the intelligence quotient (IQ)
IQ=Mental age/Chronological agex100
Problems w/ the IQ Formula
-Mental age only makes sense during childhood
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
-Created by David Wechsler
-15 Subtests
-Most widely used IQ test
Robert Yerkes
-WWI IQ Test (w/ U.S Government)
-Targeted immigrants and army recruits
-First mass administered IQ test
Standardization
-Questions have been tested on the population of people similar to those who will take the test
Reliability
-Consistency in test
Validity
-The extent to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure
Content Validity
How well a test measures a behavior for which it was intended (ex: testing on theories of intelligence on next test)
Predictive Validity
Measure of future performance
(ex: flight simulator for future pilot)
Extremes of Intelligence
-Intellectual Disability → IQ < 70
-Gifted/Genius → IQ > 140
-Average about 100
(Mensa is an international group of “geniuses”)
Evidence for Genetics
-Heritability → extent to which trait differences can be attributed to genes
Stereotype Threat
-Self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
