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AP Psychology > Unit 5 Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Problem Solving Strategies-Trial and Error

A

Repeated, varied attepts which are continued until successful (ex: Battleship)

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2
Q

Problem Solving Strategies-Algorithims

A

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem (ex: formulas in math)

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3
Q

Problem Solving Strategies-Heuristics

A

A rule of thumb strategy or mental shortcut that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
(ex: lefty-loosey, righty-tighty)

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4
Q

Insight

A

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem (aha moment)

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5
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to believe, once the outcome is already known, that you would have foreseen it

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6
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

An overestimation of how much other people share our beliefs and behaviors

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7
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Imagining a correlational relationship exists when it really doesn’t

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8
Q

Intuition

A

Effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought

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9
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

A tendency to search for information that confirm one’s preconceptions

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10
Q

Fixation

A

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective

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11
Q

Mental Set (Type of Fixation)

A

Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past

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12
Q

Functional Fixedness (Type of Fixation)

A

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

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13
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype (leads to stereotyping)

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14
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory (ex: Ebola outbreak)

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15
Q

Over-confidence

A

Tendency to overestimate how accurate our judgements are

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16
Q

Belief Bias

A

Tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning

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17
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

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18
Q

Framing

A

The way info is presented influences how an individual feels about the info

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19
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Attempt to find a single, correct answer to a problem

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20
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Generate many unique, creative responses to a problem

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21
Q

Phonemes

A

The smallest distictive sound unit (ex: Sheep has 3 phonemes sh/ee/p)

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22
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest unit that carries meaning (ex: prefix or suffix; running has two morphemes run/ing)

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23
Q

Semanatics

A

Set of rules by which we derive meaning (ex: if you add “ed to the end of a word)

24
Q

Syntax

A

The order of words and phrases

25
Q

Grammar

A

System of rules governing the structure and use of a language

26
Q

Language Development Stage 1-Babbling Stage

A

-4 months
-Babies starting to test out phenomes and limit them to the ones we need

27
Q

Language Development Stage 2-One Word Stage (Holophrases)

A

-Around when babies are one
-Time where babies speak in single words

28
Q

Language Development Stage 3-Two Word stage (telegraphic speech)

A

-2 years
-Combine words into simple commands
-Misapplication of grammar is called overgeneralization

29
Q

Language Development Stage 4

A

-From 2 years on, language progresses rapidly

30
Q

Skinner’s Behaviorist Theory

A

Positive reinforcement of appropriate grammar and language explains how children learn language

31
Q

Chomsky’s Language Acquisition Theory

A

Born with a language acquisition device (innate ability to learn language quickly)
-Language, dialect, accents, etc. determined by the environment

32
Q

Whorf’s Linguistic Determinism

A

The idea that language determines the way we think (ex: Eskimo language and snow)

33
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

34
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Ability to reason speedily and abstractly

35
Q

G (general intelligence) Theory

A

-Developed by Charles Spearman
-Used factor analysis which identifies clusters of related items (ej: Subdivisions of skills for mechanics)

36
Q

Primary Mental Abilities Theory

A

-Created by L.L Thurstone
-Opposed Spearman
-Identified 7 primary mental abilities
^Word fluency, verbal comprehension, number, space, memory, perceptual speed, reasoning

37
Q

Savant Syndrome

A

-Islands of genius in an individual w/ serious mental disabilities
-Separate neural centers for each intelligence exist

38
Q

Triarchic Theory

A

-Developed by Robert Sternberg
-3 types of intelligence
1. Analytical-school smarts
2. Creative-innovative smarts
3. Practical-street smarts

39
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

Ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

40
Q

Aptitude Tests

A

Assess ability to learn (ex: SATs)

41
Q

Achievement Tests

A

Assess what has been learned (ex: AP exams)

42
Q

Francis Galton

A

-Phrenologist: Head size/bumps determines intelligence and personality traits
-Coined the term “eugenics” → human improvement through selective breeding
-Intelligence is inherited

43
Q

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

A

-Designed objective test to predict student achievement in France
-Goal was to identify students who needed special attention
-Created mental age → what an average person of a particular age should know
-Test was called the Binet-Simon test

44
Q

Lewis Terman and Will Stern

A

-Developed Stanford Binet test
-William Stern developed the intelligence quotient (IQ)
IQ=Mental age/Chronological agex100

45
Q

Problems w/ the IQ Formula

A

-Mental age only makes sense during childhood

46
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A

-Created by David Wechsler
-15 Subtests
-Most widely used IQ test

47
Q

Robert Yerkes

A

-WWI IQ Test (w/ U.S Government)
-Targeted immigrants and army recruits
-First mass administered IQ test

48
Q

Standardization

A

-Questions have been tested on the population of people similar to those who will take the test

49
Q

Reliability

A

-Consistency in test

50
Q

Validity

A

-The extent to which a test measures what it’s supposed to measure

51
Q

Content Validity

A

How well a test measures a behavior for which it was intended (ex: testing on theories of intelligence on next test)

52
Q

Predictive Validity

A

Measure of future performance
(ex: flight simulator for future pilot)

53
Q

Extremes of Intelligence

A

-Intellectual Disability → IQ < 70
-Gifted/Genius → IQ > 140
-Average about 100
(Mensa is an international group of “geniuses”)

54
Q

Evidence for Genetics

A

-Heritability → extent to which trait differences can be attributed to genes

55
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

-Self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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