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Human Biology > Unit 7 Test: Digestive System > Flashcards

Unit 7 Test: Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between the alimentary canal and an accessory organ?

A

Alimentary canal is where food actually passes through and digestion takes place.
Accessory organs aid digestion by producing and secreting enzymes, etc.

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2
Q

What is the structure of the mucous membrane in the alimentary canal?

A 
Surface epithelium
Smooth mm
Connective tissue
Glands
Folds
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3
Q

What is the function of the mucous membrane in the alimentary canal?

A

Protects tissues beneath, secretion and absorption

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4
Q

What is the structure of the submucosa in the alimentary canal?

A

Glands
Vessels
Nerves

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5
Q

What is the function of the submucosa in the alimentary canal?

A

Carry away absorbed nutrients

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6
Q

What is the structure of the muscular layer in the alimentary canal?

A

Smooth mm

Nerves

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7
Q

What is the function of the muscular layer in the alimentary canal?

A

Produces movements of the tube

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8
Q

What is the structure of the serous layer in the alimentary canal?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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9
Q

What is the function of the serous layer in the alimentary canal?

A

Protests underlying tissues

Secrets serous fluid to lubricate outer surface

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10
Q

Describe the mixing movements of the alimentary canal.

A

Smooth mm in small segments contract rhythmically

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11
Q

Describe the propelling movements of the alimentary canal.

A

Wave like motion that moves contents down the canal. Ex: peristalsis

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12
Q

What are the functions of the mouth? The tongue?

A

Mechanical breakdown of food, begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates (amylase in saliva)!

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13
Q

What are the parts of the palate? What are their functions?

A

Hard palate: anterior portion, anchor for teeth

Soft palate: posterior portion raised during swallowing, contains palatine tonsils

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14
Q

How do the structure of teeth relate to their functions?

A

Incisors–> chisel shaped = biting
Cuspids—> cone shaped = tearing
Molars—> flat = grinding

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15
Q

What is the function salivary glands?

A

Moisten and bind food
Begins chemical digestion of food
Cleanses mouth and teeth

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16
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

It acts as a “switch” between the trachea and the esophagus to permit air to enter the trachea and food to enter the esophagus

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17
Q

Describe the structures and function of the esophagus.

A

Long, muscular tube with mucous glands

Peristalsis pushes food to the stomach

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18
Q

What are the functions of the stomach? Name the regions of the stomach and where they are located.

A 
Secrets acid and enzymes. Mixes food with secretions to begin enzymatic breakdown of proteins. 
Cardiac
Fundic
Body
Pyloric
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19
Q

What are the secretions of the mucous cell?

A

Mucous

20
Q

What is the function and action of the mucous cell?

A

Slightly alkaline, prevents stomach breakdown

21
Q

What is the secretion of the chief cell?

A

Pepsinogen

22
Q

What is the function and action of the chief cell?

A

Turns into pepsin by HCl

Begins protein digestion

23
Q

What are the secretions of the parietal cell?

A

HCl, intrinsic factor

24
Q

What is the function and action of the parietal cell?

A

HCl breaks down food
Turns pepsinogen into pepsin
Intrinsic factor helps SI absorb vitamin B-12

25
Q

What substances are absorbed from the stomach?

A

Some water
Certain salts
Alcohol
Some lipid soluble drugs

26
Q

What factors affect the rate at which the stomach empties?

A

The pyloric sphincter releases as chyme accumulates in pyloric region. Rate of passage:
Fastest- liquids then carbs, then protein
Slowest- fat

27
Q

Describe the action of amylase

A

Break down carbs into disaccharides

28
Q

Describe the action of lipase

A

Fats–> fatty acids and glycerol

29
Q

Describe the action of trypsin.

A

Proteins

30
Q

Describe the action of chymotrypsin

A

Proteins

31
Q

Describe the action of carboxypeptidase

A

Proteins

32
Q

How are the actions of the pancreas controlled?!

A

They are stimulated by secretion of gastric juice from the stomach
Secretion and cholecystokinin=hormones released by duodenum—> stimulate secretion of pancreatic juice

33
Q

Explain the digestive function of the liver.

A

Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism
Storage of glycogen, iron, vitamin A, D, B-12
Blood filtering and detoxification
Production of bile

34
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder? What is the function of bile?

A

Stores and secrets bile into duodenum
Contains bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, electrolytes

Bile salts break up fat globules, enhance absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins

35
Q

List the secretions of the small intestine and describe their functions.

A 
Peptidase= amino acid breakdown
Sucrase= sucrose breakdown
Maltase= maltose breakdown
Lactase= lactose breakdown 
Lipase= splits fats into fatty acids and cholesterol
36
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

A lymphatic capillary found in each villi in the SI. It carries away wastes.

37
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Absorb water
Complete the breakdown of some molecules (cellulose)
Produces feces

38
Q

What is the function of mucous in the large intestine?

A

Protects the intestinal wall

Binds fecal matter together

39
Q

What is the role of large intestinal bacteria?

A

To complete the breakdown of cellulose.

40
Q

Describe the composition of feces.

A 
Undigested food
Water
Electrolytes 
Mucous
Shed intestinal cells
Bacteria
41
Q

Name the 6 categories of nutrients.

A 
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Water
42
Q

Define digestion.

A

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, and the absorption of nutrients

43
Q

What is the difference between a simple carbohydrate and a complex carbohydrate?

A

Simple: quick energy sources that do no supply any other nutrient or fiber

Complex: supply energy, but also supply other nutrients and fiber

44
Q

Give some examples of simple and complex carbohydrates.

A

Simple: sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, lactose)

Complex: grains, seeds, beans, tubers

45
Q

What is the main purpose of lipids?

A

To supply energy

46
Q

Name the various functions of proteins in the human body.

A 
Enzymes 
Plasma proteins
Muscle components 
Some hormones
Antibodies 
Energy

Broken down into amino acids

Human Biology (10 decks)

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