Unit 7 test Flashcards
What were the physical results of the civil war for the south?
- about 70% of the southern shipping industry destroyed
- 9,000 miles of railroad destroyed
- 35% of livestock killed
- infrastructure reduced to rubble
what were the human costs of the war?
- 260,000 southerners killed (20% of adult white men)
- 33% of southern white men killed or wounded
- 364,000 northerners killed
- 38,000 african americans killed
what was the status of african americans in the south after the war?
they have freedom but it came at a cost- no longer had basic necessities provided
what were the effects of plantation owners?
lose $3 billion in slaves, federal gov seizes $100 million in abandoned property.
how were poor white families affected by freed african americans?
faced competition from freed slaves for jobs
what was the major question surrounding the concept of reconstruction?
how to reincorporate the south into the union and whether to punish or pardon the south.
what were the four steps to Lincoln’s plan he made before he was killed?
- pardon any confederate who would take an oath of allegiance to the union.
- no pardons for any confederate gov or military official or anyone who had killed african american pows
- a state may hold a convention to create a new constitution after 10% of voters had sworn allegiance to the union.
- states may then hold elections and participate in the union.
what was the problem with Lincoln’s plan for African Americans?
did not provide voting rights for Africa Americans
why did Lincoln not mention
“readmitting” Confederate states?
he believed they had never really left since the secession was constitutional.
what was the goal of the Radical Republicans?
Ensuring true equality for all citizens
Why was the Radical Republicans’ goal not put into effect?
Lincoln pocket vetoed their Wade Davis-Act, he did not like it.
who became President after the death of Lincoln?
Andrew Johnson
why was Johnson able to sympathize with both the North and South?
he was a relatively poor southerner and union loyalist who hated rich plantation owners.
what were the major points of Johnson’s plan?
- Pardon southerners who swear allegiance to the Union
- each state may hold a constitutional convention (no 10% requirement)
- states may void secession, abolish slavery, and ignore confederate debts.
- states may then hold elections and rejoin union
what new problem arose in the Southern states?
new gov’s in states run by racist whites who wanted to ensure that blacks had restricted freedom.
what are the four examples of the “black codes”?
- curfews- black not allowed to gather after sunset
- vagrancy- blacks can be fined, whipped, etc for not working
- contracts- blacks had to sign contracts for a year of labor
- land- blacks could only rent homes in rural areas
why did the radical republicans not approve of Johnson’s plan?
because of the problems that arose and his unwillingness to address them.
what does the radical republicans pan call for?
- south is under martial law and divided into 5 districsts each governed by a northern general.
- southern states must hold new elections and create new state govs
- all qualified male voters (including blacks) must be allowed to vote.
- no confed supporters may vote
- states must ratify the 14th amendment.
why did the radical republicans not like Johnson?
he was stubborn and racist and attempted to fire secretary of war, Edwin stanton (a radical republican and was close to Lincoln)
why were impeachment proceedings of Johnson started?
tried to fire Edwin Stanton (this was a violation of 10 yr violation act)
how did Johnson fare in the house of reps?
vote yes–> impeached (2/3 of senates had to approve)
why was Johnson ultimately not removed from office?
he survived impeachment by one vote, but his presidency was ruined.
who won the election of 1868?
Ulysses S. Grant
why was Grant so popular throughout the country?
he was a civil war hero
why was Grant considered to be an ineffective president?
effective as general but lacked political skills. he was easily manipulated by congress
who were the “carpetbaggers”. why were they given this name?
northern republicans who went south seeking to make money off the misery pf the south. name came from the cheap suitcases they often used.
who were the scalawags? what did this name mean?
white southerners who supported the republican party. term meant to characterize these people as traitors.
What did the white southerners who were upset of the defeat of the confederacy and the newfound freedoms of the blacks do?
sought to fight back
What secret society did these upset southerners form? What did this group do? what type of people were common in the Ku Klux Klan?
the Ku Klux Klan, used threats and violence to spread their views, killing thousands. white males
What happend at President Grant’s request to the Ku Klux Klan?
Congress responded to Klan violence
What was the Enforcement Act of 1870?
it prevented Klansmen from interfering with voting rights of blacks
What happened to the klan?
thousands of Klansmen were arrested and tried and the Klan was virtually wiped out?
What happened to the democratic party after most confeds had been pardoned by 1872?
the democratic party had regained much power in the south
What happened to the several decision that the supreme court had handed down?
left interpretations to the 14th and 15th amendment.
Who ran against each other in the Presidential election of 1876? Who won more electoral votes? Who won the popular vote?
republican Rutherford B. Hayes vs Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. Hayes won more electoral but Tilden won the popular vote. Results in four states were disputed.
How was the dispute over the election of 1876 solved?
A commission was created to solve it
What group did the commission consist more of?
More republicans than democrats
Who did the commssion name as the victor? what happened with this decision?
Rutherford B. Hayes, democrats in congress rejected the decision
What was the Compromise of 1877?
allowed hayes to become president in return for the removal of federal troops from the south. Democrats now had full control of the south.
when is reconstruction considered complete?
1877
What were the successes of the reconstruction?
- union restored
- economy saved
- 14th and 15th amendments
- more opportunities for african americans
- southern states implement mandatory education
what were the failures of the reconstruction?
- bitterness of white Southerners toward federal government
- south is slow to industrialize
- southern state govs and KKK deny 14th and 15th amendment
- southerners left in poverty
- racist attitudes towards blacks
what are the “reconstruction amendments”? (13,14,15)
13- abolished slavery
14- equal protection under the law
15- right to vote for qualified males
