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AP PSYCH REVIEW 2024 > UNIT 7: MOTIVATION, EMOTION,PERSONALITY > Flashcards

UNIT 7: MOTIVATION, EMOTION,PERSONALITY Flashcards

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1
Q

Instinct Theory

A

“The Evolutionary Perspective”
People are motivated to
behave in certain ways
because they are
evolutionarily/genetically
programmed to do so
with survival instincts

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2
Q

Incentive Theory

A

We are pulled into action
by—positive or negative—
outside incentives

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3
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Increased arousal can
help improve
performance, but only up
to a certain point. At the
point when arousal
becomes excessive,
performance diminishes

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4
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs

A

Abraham Maslow
suggested that people
are motivated by a
hierarchy of needs
● Bottom-Up, Psychological
needs, safety needs,
belongingness & love
needs, esteem needs, self
actualization

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5
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Is a person’s belief in their
ability to succeed in a
particular situation

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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Most of the
biological feeling of hunger
comes from this brain
structure

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7
Q

Lateral hypothalamus
(LH) “Hungry”

A

The “on”
button for eating. If
stimulated, causes you to
feel hunger

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8
Q

Ventromedial
hypothalamus (VMH)
“Full”

A

The “off” button for
eating. when stimulated,
makes you feel full

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9
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Behavior that is driven by
internal rewards
(autonomy, mastery,
purpose)

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10
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Behavior that is driven by
external rewards such as
money, fame, grades, and
praise

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11
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

Phenomenon in which
being rewarded for doing
something actually
diminishes intrinsic
motivation to perform that
action

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12
Q

Approach-Approach
Conflict

A

Conflict within a
person where he or she
needs to decide between
two appealing goals

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13
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance
Conflict

A

Making a decision
between two equally
undesirable choices

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14
Q

Approach-Avoidance
Conflict

A

Conflict involves
making decisions about
situations that have both
positive and negative
consequences

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15
Q

Sexual Response Cycle
(William Masters &
Virginia Johnson 1966)

A

Stages humans go through
during sexual interaction

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16
Q

Display Rule

A

A social group or culture’s informal norms about how to
appropriately express
emotions

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17
Q

Common-Sense Theory

A

Theory in which a
stimulus leads to an
emotion, which then leads
to bodily arousal through
the autonomic nervous
system

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18
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Emotions occur as a result
of physiological reactions
to events

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19
Q

Facial Feedback
Hypothesis

A

Facial
expressions are connected
to experiencing emotions

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20
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of
Emotions

A

Suggests that
the physical and
psychological experience
of emotion happen at the
same time and that one
does not cause the other

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21
Q

Schachter-Singer
Two-Factor Theory

A

The physiological arousal
occurs first, and then the
individual must identify
the reason for this arousal
to experience and label it
as an emotion

22
Q

Distress

A

Occurs when
people experience
unpleasant and
undesirable stressors.

23
Q

General Adaptation
Syndrome (GAS)

A

Researched by Hans
Selye, the three stages of
the bodies psychological
reaction to stress

24
Q
  1. ALARM, RESISTANCE,EXHAUSTION
A
25
Q

Locus of Control

A

Refers to the extent to which
people feel that they have
control over the events
that influence their lives

26
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

You believe that you have
control over what
happens

27
Q

External Locus of Control

A

Blame outside forces for
their circumstances

28
Q

Psychoanalytic Theories

A

Sigmund Freud
developed theory of
personality development

29
Q

Id

A

Part of the human
personality that is made
up of all our inborn
biological urges that
seeks out immediate
gratification (pleasure
principle)

30
Q

Ego

A

The largely
conscious, “executive”
part of personality that,
mediates among the
demands of the id,
superego, and reality
(reality principle)

31
Q

Superego

A

The part of
personality that,
represents internalized
ideals and provides
standards for judgment
(the conscience) and for
future aspirations
(morality principle)

32
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Freud
proposed that the ego protects
itself with tactics that reduce or
redirect anxiety by distorting
reality

33
Q

DEFENSE MECHANISM

A
34
Q

Repression

A

Acts to keep
information out of
conscious awareness

35
Q

Displacement

A

Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening

36
Q

Projection

A

Involves taking
our own unacceptable
qualities or feelings and
ascribing them to other
people

37
Q

Regression

A

When
confronted by stressful
events, people sometimes
abandon coping strategies
and revert to patterns of
behavior used earlier in
development

38
Q

Denial

A

Functions to
protect the ego from
things with which the
individual cannot cope

39
Q

Rationalization

A

Involves
explaining an
unacceptable behavior or
feeling in a rational or
logical manner, avoiding
the true reasons for the
behavior

40
Q

Reaction-Formation

A

Reduces anxiety by taking
up the opposite feeling,
impulse, or behavior

41
Q

Carl Jung

A

Thought all
people shared a collective
unconscious. Common
collection of images that
we have gained together
as human beings from our
ancestral & evolutionary
past

42
Q

Alfred Adler

A

People
compensate for inferiority
complexes based on
inadequacies

43
Q

Karen Horney

A

Horney feminist
perspective to
psychoanalytic theory

44
Q

Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT)

A

Projective test
in which people express
their inner feelings and
interests through the
stories they make up
about ambiguous scenes

45
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test
(Hermann Rorschach)

A

The most widely used
projective test, a set of 10
inkblots, During the test,
participants are shown
the inkblots and asked
what each one looks like

46
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Albert Bandura proposed
that the person,
environment, and
behavior interact to
determine patterns of
behavior and thus
personality

47
Q

Raymond Cattell’s 16
Traits

A

16 traits are the
source of all human
personality

48
Q

Factor analysis

A

He identified closely related
terms and eventually
reduced his list to just 16
key personality traits

49
Q

The Big Five Personality
Factors

A

Model of personality
traits, many researchers
believe that they are five core
personality traits
● Openness to Experience,
tendency to appreciate new art,
ideas, values, feelings and
behaviors
● Conscientiousness tendency to
be careful, on-time for
appointments, to follow rules,
and to be hardworking
● Extraversion, tendency to be
talkative, sociable, and to enjoy
others
● Agreeableness tendency to
agree and go along with others
rather than to assert one’s own
opinions & choices
● Neuroticism tendency to
frequently experience negative
emotions

50
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory-2
(MMPI-2)

A

The most widely
used and researched
clinical assessment tool
used by mental health
professionals to help
diagnose mental health
disorders

51
Q

Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI)

A

Self-report inventory
designed to identify a
person’s personality type,
strengths, and
preferences

AP PSYCH REVIEW 2024 (13 decks)

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