UNIT 7: MOTIVATION, EMOTION,PERSONALITY Flashcards
Instinct Theory
“The Evolutionary Perspective”
People are motivated to
behave in certain ways
because they are
evolutionarily/genetically
programmed to do so
with survival instincts
Incentive Theory
We are pulled into action
by—positive or negative—
outside incentives
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Increased arousal can
help improve
performance, but only up
to a certain point. At the
point when arousal
becomes excessive,
performance diminishes
Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs
Abraham Maslow
suggested that people
are motivated by a
hierarchy of needs
● Bottom-Up, Psychological
needs, safety needs,
belongingness & love
needs, esteem needs, self
actualization
Self-efficacy
Is a person’s belief in their
ability to succeed in a
particular situation
Hypothalamus
Most of the
biological feeling of hunger
comes from this brain
structure
Lateral hypothalamus
(LH) “Hungry”
The “on”
button for eating. If
stimulated, causes you to
feel hunger
Ventromedial
hypothalamus (VMH)
“Full”
The “off” button for
eating. when stimulated,
makes you feel full
Intrinsic Motivation
Behavior that is driven by
internal rewards
(autonomy, mastery,
purpose)
Extrinsic Motivation
Behavior that is driven by
external rewards such as
money, fame, grades, and
praise
Overjustification Effect
Phenomenon in which
being rewarded for doing
something actually
diminishes intrinsic
motivation to perform that
action
Approach-Approach
Conflict
Conflict within a
person where he or she
needs to decide between
two appealing goals
Avoidance-Avoidance
Conflict
Making a decision
between two equally
undesirable choices
Approach-Avoidance
Conflict
Conflict involves
making decisions about
situations that have both
positive and negative
consequences
Sexual Response Cycle
(William Masters &
Virginia Johnson 1966)
Stages humans go through
during sexual interaction
Display Rule
A social group or culture’s informal norms about how to
appropriately express
emotions
Common-Sense Theory
Theory in which a
stimulus leads to an
emotion, which then leads
to bodily arousal through
the autonomic nervous
system
James-Lange Theory
Emotions occur as a result
of physiological reactions
to events
Facial Feedback
Hypothesis
Facial
expressions are connected
to experiencing emotions
Cannon-Bard Theory of
Emotions
Suggests that
the physical and
psychological experience
of emotion happen at the
same time and that one
does not cause the other
Schachter-Singer
Two-Factor Theory
The physiological arousal
occurs first, and then the
individual must identify
the reason for this arousal
to experience and label it
as an emotion
Distress
Occurs when
people experience
unpleasant and
undesirable stressors.
General Adaptation
Syndrome (GAS)
Researched by Hans
Selye, the three stages of
the bodies psychological
reaction to stress
- ALARM, RESISTANCE,EXHAUSTION
Locus of Control
Refers to the extent to which
people feel that they have
control over the events
that influence their lives
Internal Locus of Control
You believe that you have
control over what
happens
External Locus of Control
Blame outside forces for
their circumstances
Psychoanalytic Theories
Sigmund Freud
developed theory of
personality development
Id
Part of the human
personality that is made
up of all our inborn
biological urges that
seeks out immediate
gratification (pleasure
principle)
Ego
The largely
conscious, “executive”
part of personality that,
mediates among the
demands of the id,
superego, and reality
(reality principle)
Superego
The part of
personality that,
represents internalized
ideals and provides
standards for judgment
(the conscience) and for
future aspirations
(morality principle)
Defense mechanisms
Freud
proposed that the ego protects
itself with tactics that reduce or
redirect anxiety by distorting
reality
DEFENSE MECHANISM
Repression
Acts to keep
information out of
conscious awareness
Displacement
Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening
Projection
Involves taking
our own unacceptable
qualities or feelings and
ascribing them to other
people
Regression
When
confronted by stressful
events, people sometimes
abandon coping strategies
and revert to patterns of
behavior used earlier in
development
Denial
Functions to
protect the ego from
things with which the
individual cannot cope
Rationalization
Involves
explaining an
unacceptable behavior or
feeling in a rational or
logical manner, avoiding
the true reasons for the
behavior
Reaction-Formation
Reduces anxiety by taking
up the opposite feeling,
impulse, or behavior
Carl Jung
Thought all
people shared a collective
unconscious. Common
collection of images that
we have gained together
as human beings from our
ancestral & evolutionary
past
Alfred Adler
People
compensate for inferiority
complexes based on
inadequacies
Karen Horney
Horney feminist
perspective to
psychoanalytic theory
Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT)
Projective test
in which people express
their inner feelings and
interests through the
stories they make up
about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach Inkblot Test
(Hermann Rorschach)
The most widely used
projective test, a set of 10
inkblots, During the test,
participants are shown
the inkblots and asked
what each one looks like
Reciprocal Determinism
Albert Bandura proposed
that the person,
environment, and
behavior interact to
determine patterns of
behavior and thus
personality
Raymond Cattell’s 16
Traits
16 traits are the
source of all human
personality
Factor analysis
He identified closely related
terms and eventually
reduced his list to just 16
key personality traits
The Big Five Personality
Factors
Model of personality
traits, many researchers
believe that they are five core
personality traits
● Openness to Experience,
tendency to appreciate new art,
ideas, values, feelings and
behaviors
● Conscientiousness tendency to
be careful, on-time for
appointments, to follow rules,
and to be hardworking
● Extraversion, tendency to be
talkative, sociable, and to enjoy
others
● Agreeableness tendency to
agree and go along with others
rather than to assert one’s own
opinions & choices
● Neuroticism tendency to
frequently experience negative
emotions
Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory-2
(MMPI-2)
The most widely
used and researched
clinical assessment tool
used by mental health
professionals to help
diagnose mental health
disorders
Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI)
Self-report inventory
designed to identify a
person’s personality type,
strengths, and
preferences
