UNIT 6: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
Longitudinal
Study follows the same group of
people over a period of
time from months to
many years in order to
evaluate changes in those
individuals
Cross-Sectional
Type of study in which people of
different ages are
examined at the same
time(s)
Cross-Sequential
Individuals in a
cross-sectional sample are
tested more than once
over a specified period of
time
ERIK ERIKSON PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy
(independence) vs
Shame/Doubt - Initiative vs. Guilt
Am I good or bad? - Industry (sense of pride
and accomplishment) vs.
Inferiority - Identity vs. Role Confusion
Who am I? - Intimacy vs. Isolation
Will I be loved or will I be
alone? - Generativity (contribute to
the next generation) vs.
Stagnation (little
connection to others)
Ego Integrity
(Sense of
satisfaction while
reflecting on life) vs.
Despair (sense of failure)
Teratogen
Any non genetic agent that
produces birth defects at
exposures that commonly
occur
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
(FAS)
Includes physical, cognitive, and
psychological abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol
during pregnancy
Maturation
Genetic growth tendencies are
inborn, determined by
genetic makeup
Maturation
Sets the basic
course of development;
experience adjusts it
Harry Harlow
Psychologist, conducted
studies of attachment and
the importance of contact
comfort
STRANGE SITUATION EXPERIMENTS
Secure Attachment
Infants explore, display
high stranger anxiety, easy
to calm/enthusiastic on
return to the caregiver
Avoidant (Insecure)
Attachment
Infants explore, low stranger
anxiety, unconcerned by
separation and avoid
contact at return of
caregiver
Anxious-Ambivalent
Attachment
Unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by
separation and seek and
reject contact on return of
the caregiver
AINSWORTH STUDIES
Securely attached
children comprised the
majority of the sample.
3 PARENTING STYLES OF DIANA BAUMRIND
Authoritarian
Restrictive parenting style.This style of parenting allows for little
discussion or explanation of
the firm controls placed on
the child.
Permissive Parenting
Style that is characterized by
having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to
parenting that is more like
a friend than a parent
Authoritative Parenting
Style that is child-centered,
in that parents closely
interact with their children,
while maintaining high
expectations for behavior
and performance, as well as
a firm adherence to
schedules and discipline.
JEAN PIAGET COGNITVIE DEVELOPMENT
Assimilation
Interpreting
our new experience in
terms of our existing
schemas
Accommodation
Adapting our current understandings
(schemas) to incorporate
new information
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to 2, infants use senses and motor abilities to learn
about the world
Object Permanence
A child’s ability to understand
that objects still exist after
they are no longer in sight
Preoperational Stage
The stage (2 to 6 or 7) during
which a child learns to use
language
Babbling stage
Beginning at 4 months, vocalizes
various sounds “ba-ba-ba”
One-Word Stage
Ages one and two, child speaks
mostly in single words “Car”
Egocentrism
Inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of
development to see any
point of view other than
their own
Conservation
The principle that properties
such as mass, volume, and
number remain the same
despite changes in the
forms of objects
Concrete Operational
Stage
(from about 6 or 7
to 11 years of age) during
which children gain the
mental operations that
enable them to think
logically about concrete
events
Formal Operational
Stage
(normally
beginning about age 12)
during which people
begin to think logically
about abstract concepts
Lev Vygotsky,
developed a
theory of how the child’s mind
grows through interaction
with the social environment.
Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD)
Range between the level
at which a child can solve
a problem working along
with difficulty, and the
level at which a child can
solve a problem with the
assistance of adults or
more-skilled children
Scaffolding
Process in which a more skilled
learner, gives help to a less
skilled learner, reducing
the amount of help as the
less skilled learner
becomes more capable
Gender Identity
The individual’s sense
(psychological) of being
male or female, both, or
neither from cultural and
social expectations
Gender Roles
Set of expectations held by
society about the ways in
which men and women
are supposed to behave
based on their gender
Synaptic Pruning
Selective removal of
unnecessary neurons and
connections to improve
brain efficiency (during
puberty)
Adolescent Egocentrism
Heightened self-consciousness, belief that others are as
interested in them as they
are themselves, their sense of personal uniqueness and
invulnerability
Lawrence Kohlberg
Development of moral
reasoning:
Level 1 Preconventional,
values in external events
○ Stage 1, punishment
avoidance
○ Stage 2: “Getting what
you want” by trade-off
● Level 2 Conventional,
performing right roles
○ Stage 3, Meeting
expectations of others
○ Stage 4, Fulfilling
duties & upholding
laws
● Level 3 Postconventional,
shared standards, rights
and duties
○ Stage 5, sense of
democracy
○ Stage 6, self-selection
of universal principles
