UNIT 4: LEARNING Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
Association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response
Acquisition
The process of pairing the UCS (unconditioned stimulus) with the US (conditioned stimulus).
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS/US)
Something that triggers a naturally occurring response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Naturally occurring response that follows the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
The acquired response to the formally neutral stimulus.
Extinciton
Conditioned response decreases or disappears (no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus)
Spontaneous Recovery
Return of previously extinct conditioned response after a rest period.
Stimulus Generalization
Conditioned stimulus may evoke similar responses after the response as been conditioned.
Stimulus Discrimination
The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli.
Operant Conditioning
Learning through rewards and punishments for behavior
Reinforcing Stimulus
Strengthens or increases the behavior it follows
Positive Reinforcement (+)
Add something good, behavior increases as a result
Negative Reinforcement (-)
Remove something bad, behavior increases as a result.
Punishment Stimulus
Presentation of an negative consequence that causes a decrease in that behavior
Positive Punishment (+)
Add something bad, behavior decreases
Negative Punishment (-)
Remove something good, behavior decreases
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Timing of how often a desired response will be reinforced
Fixed Ratio
Response is reinforced only after a specific of responses.
Variable-Ratio Schedules
Response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
Fixed-Interval Schedules
Responses is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.
Variable-Interval Schedules
Response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.
Observational Learning
Process of watching other then later imitating the behaviors that were observed
Latent Learning
One can learn something but not show the behavior right away.
Insight Learning
Sudden realization of the problem’s solution that “just came to you”(Kohler)
Learned Helplessness
Organism becomes helpless after learning they have no ability to change the outcome (Seligman).
