Unit 7 - Economic Geography Flashcards
The 3 Job Categories of an Economic Structure
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiary Sector
Activities that directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture and sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
Primary Sector
Manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products and industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods.
Secondary Sector
Providing goods and services to people in exchange for payment, such as retailing, banking, law, education, and government.
Tertiary Sector
The shift from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one based on machine manufacturing industry. Began in Britain in the 18th century and spread to other parts of the world. Involved a series of improvements that transformed manufacturing.
The Industrial Revolution
The term Industrial Revolution was used earlier by ____writers.
French
He popularized the term to define Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840.
Arnold Toynbee (1852–83)
Before the Industrial Revolution, the industry was _____ dispersed across the landscape.
geographically
Home-based manufacturing. People created agricultural equipment and household tools in their own homes or procured them in their village.
Cottage Industry System
Among the First Industries Impacted by the Industrial Revolution
- Iron
- Transportation
- Textile Production
- Chemicals
- Food Processing
The first industry to benefit from Watt’s steam engine was the ____ tool industry.
+ The usefulness of this had been known for centuries, but it was challenging to produce because ovens had to be continuously heated, which was difficult before the steam engine.
Iron
(Transportation)
First ____ and then ____ enabled factories to attract large numbers of workers, bring in bulky materials like coal and iron ore, and ship finished goods to consumers’ textiles.
canals
railroads
First canals and then railroads enabled factories to attract large numbers of workers, bring in bulky materials like coal and iron ore, and ship finished goods to consumers’ textiles.
Transportation
Transformed from a dispersed cottage industry to a full factory system during the late eighteenth century.
Textile Production
He was a barber, and wigmaker in Preston, England, invented machines to untangle cotton before spinning.
Richard Arkwright (in 1746)
_____ were too large to fit inside a cottage, it was placed inside factories near rapidly flowing water sources, which supplied the power.
Spinning frames
The chemical industry was created to bleach and dye cloth.
Chemicals
The chemical industry was created to bleach and ______.
dye cloth
They established a factory to bleach cotton with sulfuric acid obtained from burning _____.
John Roebuck and Samuel Garbett in 1746
coal
An acid produced when sulfuric acid is combined with various metals, useful for dying clothing.
Vitriol
+ Nicolas Appert in 1810 – French confectioner started canning food in glass bottles sterilized in boiling water.
+ Canned food – essential to feed the factory workers who no longer lived on farms.
Food Processing
He was a French confectioner who started canning food in glass bottles sterilized in boiling water.
Nicolas Appert in 1810
Nicolas Appert in 1810 was a French confectioner started canning food in _____ sterilized in boiling ____.
glass bottles
water
An essential to feed the factory workers who no longer lived on farms.
Canned Food
The Industrial Revolution did not spread as quickly as expected to other parts of Europe due to ______.
political instability
The ______ Wars and the _______ Revolution significantly slowed the spread of new technologies.
Napoleonic
French
_____ was also beleaguered by political upheaval during this time, so it took even longer for them to adopt these technologies.
North America
It was only after the _____ that the Industrial Revolution’s impact was felt in the United States.
Revolutionary War
It was only after the Revolutionary War that the Industrial Revolution’s impact was felt in the United States. But once it did, significant changes took place from the ____ to the _____.
East Coast
Midwest
He was a German economic geographer who created the Least Cost Theory / Industrial Location Model
Alfred Weber (1868-1958)
Industrial location is usually explained through one influential economic geography theory that uses both the situation and site factors.
Least Cost Theory
The Least Cost Theory is intended to minimize three costs:
transportation, labor, and agglomeration.
Site factors focus on a location’s unique characteristics:
o labor
o land costs
o the availability of capital (money) for investment.
_____ factors cover the transportation of materials to the factory and back. A firm looks for a location that minimizes the cost of transporting inputs to the factory and finished goods to buyers.
Situation
_____ factors are the results of the unique characteristics of a location. These are labor, capital, and land.
Site
Regarded by Weber as the most important factor to consider in deciding where to locate an industry.
Transportation Costs
The second factor which indicates that companies need people to work in their factories, and the cheaper the labor they could get, the better. So, they will put up factories in places where they could get the most inexpensive labor.
Labor Costs
The clustering of similar industries.
+ When related industries are located near each other, they can offer assistance to each other through pooled services, facilities, and talents.
Agglomeration
The downside of agglomeration is that too much ______ drove the prices for land, wages, and labor so high that many could not afford them anymore and were forced to relocate.
competition
An industry that needs bulky and heavy materials, but the final product is lighter.
Bulk-Reducing Industry
Bulk-reducing industries should be located _____ the source of its materials. Hence, copper industries that use bulky and heavy raw copper but produce light refined copper are usually situated near copper mines.
near
And industry where its material inputs are lighter than the finished product.
Bulk-Gaining Industry
The sector of job categories which focuses on services.
Tertiary Sector
Refers to activities that satisfy a human want or need in exchange for money.
Services
Rubenstein (2002) – several types of services range from ____ to _____.
personal to public
______ flourished when the first manufacturing centers that produced simple tools opened for business.
Early settlements
Services increasingly became more advantageous as the population increased, and _____ started to develop.
structured markets
Refers to a unit confined to a specific location intended to serve people living within its vicinity.
Market
The area serviced by a market.
Market Area or Hinterland
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
Range
The minimum number of people needed to support a service.
Threshold
_____ matters in business; hence, techniques are necessary to locate specific companies and services within urban areas strategically.
Location
Types of Services
Consumer Service
Business Service
Public Service
Service that primarily meets individual consumers’ needs, including retail, education, health, and leisure services.
Consumer Service
Service that meets mostly the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services.
Business Service
Service offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.
Public Service
German geographer who first proposed the Central Place Theory in the 1930s.
Walter Christaller
This theory helps determine the most profitable location for a consumer service.
Central Place Theory
This is surrounded by a market area with a range and a threshold.
+ A market center for exchanging services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
Central Place
A _____ economic base is needed if a town is to grow into a city.
sizeable
The _____ will help sustain the needs of more people who, in turn, will create more jobs. In other words, the multiplier effect will take place.
economic base
An economic base has two principal elements:
Basic/Primary Industries
Nonbasic Industries.
This industry produce products sold to or bring in income from people who are not from the local market. These are big items like cars or tourist attractions.
Basic Industries
This industry meet the people’s needs locally, like grocery stores, retail stores, utilities, education, etc.
Nonbasic Industries
