Unit 7 - Chapter 15 Flashcards
criminal law
government charges an individual with violating specific law(s)
civil law
a dispute between two parties over a wide range of matters including contacts, divorce, etc.
plantiff
brings a charge against the other party
defendant
defends themself against the person charging them
standing to sue
requirement that plaintiffs have a serious interest in the case, which depends on if they have sustained or are sustaining danger from another party or action by the government (reason for a case in short)
class action suits
lawsuits in which a small number of people sue on behalf of all people in smaller circumstances
justiciable disputes
issues capable of being settled as a matter of law
amicus curiae (“friend of the court”) briefs
legal briefs which attempt to influence the courts’ decision, raise additional points of view, and present information not contained in the briefs of attorneys for official parties of the case
statues
laws passed by legislatures
common law
the accumulation of judicial decisions about legal issues
original jurisdiction
jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in trial, determine facts about the case
appellate jurisdiction
jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts, don’t review factual record, ONLY legal issues involved
district courts
the 91 federal courts of original jurisdiction, only federal courts in which trials are held and in which juries may be impaneled
courts of appeals
appellate courts empowered to review all final decisions of district courts, except in rare cases, also hear appeals to orders of many federal regulatory agencies
Supreme Court
pinnacle of US judicial system, ensures uniformity in interpreting national laws, resolves conflicts among states, and maintains national supremacy in law
BOTH original/appellate jurisdiction
senatorial courtesy
unwritten tradition where nominations for state judicial posts by president look at who senator of same party recommends first
confirmations of the Supreme Court, how they work then vs. now
used to be routine thing, now highly political and partisan
criteria for selection of judges/justices (formal and informal)
formal: none spelled out in constitution
informal: become really political in past few decades, must be able to be appointed, usually have experience judging, clean background, many of different demographics lately because makes it harder to oppose them
solicitor general
a presidential appointee and the third ranking office in DoJ, in charge of appellate court litigation of federal government
stare decisis
means “let the decision stand”, obligates courts to follow historic cases when reaching a rulign, most cases reaching appellate courts are settled on this principle
opinion
a statement of the legal reasoning behind the decision for the case, done by Supreme Court
precedent
how similar cases have been decided in the past, courts rely on them as guide for current decisions
originalism
a view that constitution should be interpreted according to the original intentions or meaning of the framers (often supported by conservatives)
original intent theory
interpretation of a written constitution or law should be consistent with what was meant by the original writers
original meaning theory
judges should base their interpretations of a written constitution or law on what reasonable persons living at the time of adoption would have declared the ordinary meaning of the text to be