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BIOL1203 > UNIT 7 - CELLULAR RESPIRATION & ENERGY METABOLISM > Flashcards

UNIT 7 - CELLULAR RESPIRATION & ENERGY METABOLISM Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Catabolic process by which cells produce energy from glucose molecules (respiration using oxygen at a cellular level); electrons and H+ released from organic molecules

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2
Q

Catabolic

A

Reaction of breaking up molecules and are exergonic (release energy); Breaking up ATP to ADP + phosphate to release energy to be used for anabolic reactions to cell

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3
Q

Anabolic

A

Reaction of combining molecules and are endergonic (absorb energy); Regenerating ADP + phosphate to ATP which use energy provided by cellular respiration

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4
Q

Use of energy in cells (5)

A
  • Metabolism
  • Movement
  • Growth
  • Cell division
  • Action potentials
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5
Q

ATP

A

Chemical energy released when glucose is broken down and captured in adenosine triphosphate and directly powers chemical reactions in cells via immediate useable energy

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6
Q

How many ATP molecules per cell and how much does our body use

A

Billion ATP molecules per cell, each of which lasts 1 minute before being used. We use one half of our body weight in ATP everyday

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7
Q

ATP structure

A

Adenine base attached to ribose sugar with 3 phosphate groups

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8
Q

Phosphoanhydride bonds

A

High energy bonds that link the phosphate groups in ATP

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9
Q

Nutrients used to generate ATP (4)

A
  • Glucose (primary)
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
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10
Q

Formula for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36 ADP + 36 P = 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP + heat

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11
Q

Locations of cellular respiration

A

Cytoplasm & mitochondria

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12
Q

Electron levels/shells

A

Fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found. Higher electron shells = higher energy; so if electron moves from high electron shell to lower, they release energy

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13
Q

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

A

Chemical reaction involving transfer of electrons between two species

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14
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons eg. NADH –> NAD+ (OIL = oxidation is loss)

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15
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons eg. NAD+ –> NADH (RIG = reduction is gain)

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16
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

A

Accepts high energy electrons and carry them to electron transport chain to make ATP and central to metabolism found in all living cells

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17
Q

Niacin (vitamin B3)

A

Precursor to NAD and can be converted into NAD in the body

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18
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

A

Coenzyme that act as hydrogen and accompanying electron acceptors central to metabolism found in all living cells

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19
Q

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

A

Precursor to FAD and can be converted into FAD in the body

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20
Q

NAD & FAD function

A

Act as electron carriers to transport electrons that are released during cellular respiration via redox reactions to a small “machine” to produce ATP from the energy of these electrons

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21
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl group to ADP from another phosphorylated compound

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22
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation:

A

Process by which the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 is used to produce ATP

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23
Q

Stages of cellular respiration (4)

A
  • Glycolysis (cytosol)
  • Pyruvic acid oxidation (mitochondria)
  • Krebs cycle (mitochondria)
  • Electron transport chain (mitochondrial inner membrane since mitochondria has two membranes )
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24
Q

Energy investment phase

A

Ivolves the use of two ATP molecules to phosphorylate glucose, resulting in the formation of two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (intermediate in glycolytic pathway)

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25
Q

Glycolysis

A

Operates without oxygen, using 2 ATP molecules in the energy investment phase to activate glucose to transform glucose into two pyretic acid

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26
Q

Results of glycolysis (remaining products)

A

2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH

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27
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiratory process where cells break down sugar molecules to produce energy WITHOUT oxygen; organisms can convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid (or ethanol in microorganisms/plants), and when oxygen is available again, lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid

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28
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Uses oxygen to create energy from food

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29
Q

Pyruvic acid oxidation

A

Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria, loses a carboxyl group (producing CO2), and undergoes electron removal by NAD+, along with hydrogen. The resulting pyruvate transforms into an Acetyl group, joining with acetyl coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA

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30
Q

Results of pyruvic acid oxidation (remaining products

A

2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl-CoA

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31
Q

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle/tricarboxylic acid cycle)

A

Acetyl group combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, releasing carbon as CO2. This cycle then transforms oxoloacetic acid back into oxaloacetate, producing NADH, FADH2, and one ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation

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32
Q

Results of Krebs cycle (remaining products)

A

4 CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2 ATP; 1 glucose molecule yields 2 acetyl CoA so two cycles through Krebs cycle will occur for each glucose molecule

33
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Cellular process that harness the reduction of oxygen to generate high energy phosphate bonds in the form of ATP; consisting of 2 parts

34
Q

2 parts of oxidative phosphorylation:

A
  • Electron transport chain: produce electrochemical gradient by pumping hydrogen ions into intermembrane
  • Chemiosmosis: uses energy stored in hydrogen ion gradient across membrane to produce ATP
35
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Consists of a series of protein complexes linked together and embedded on inner mitochondrial membrane of cristae (folds) which electrons pass through via redox reactions

36
Q

Protein complex of electron transport chain

A

Each protein complex in the chain has a higher attraction for electrons than the one before it

37
Q

Flavin mononucleotides (FMN)

A

Cofactors that carry and transfer electrons in the electron transport chain (protein complex I)

38
Q

NADH in electron transport chain

A

Passes a hydrogen to FMN (complex I) and yields 3 ATP

39
Q

FADH2 in electron transport chain

A

Passes hydrogen to a protein complex further down the chain (complex II) and yields 2 ATP

40
Q

Cytochromes

A

Makes up most of the protein complexes on the electron transport chain that contain an iron atom at core

41
Q

Chemiosmosis:

A

Movement of ions across semipermeable membrane down electrochemical gradient (eg. Generation of ATP by movement of hydrogen ions across membrane during cellular respiration)

42
Q

How much ATP is produced in cellular respiration total

A
  1. However, sometimes it can be 36 due to transport of NADH from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix can lose 2 ATP
43
Q

How much ATP produced in glycolysis

44
Q

How much ATP produced in krebs cycle

45
Q

How much ATP produced in electron transport

46
Q

Oxygen significance

A

Has the strongest attraction for electrons in the electron transport chain and is the final electron acceptor so it combines the electrons with hydrogen ions from matrix and forms water

47
Q

What would happen if oxygen was not present to finally accept the electrons

A

Without oxygen, the electron transport chain becomes overwhelmed leading to buildup of electrons. This means NADH and FADH2 cannot release their electrons and NAD+ and FAD won’t be generated; only applies for reactions in mitochondria

48
Q

Why is aerobic respiration more efficient than anaerobic respiration

A

Because aerobic respiration uses oxygen to create energy from food, whereas anaerobic respiration works without oxygen

49
Q

Aerobic respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2830kJ

50
Q

Anaerobic respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 210kJ

51
Q

Energy metabolism

A

Combined process of energy storage and energy production from various nutrient sources (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)

52
Q

Energy storage in the human body (3)

A
  • Glycogen: 4.2 calories/g, makes up 1% stored energy, can sustain energy needs for 1 day
  • Lipids: 9.5 calories/g, makes up 77% stored energy, can sustain energy needs for 2 months
  • Proteins: 4.3 calories/g, makes up 22% of stored energy, extensive breakdown (catabolism) of proteins are fatal
53
Q

Glucose

A

Primary energy source for most tissues and yields ATP through cellular respiration

54
Q

Metabolism

A

Refers to all the chemical processes that occur in the cell/organism and consists of 2 basic types; anabolic, catabolic

55
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Reactions involved in building more complex molecules and structures (generally requiring energy)

56
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Reactions involved in breaking down structures into simpler/smaller bits (generally release energy)

57
Q

Distinct mechanisms to meet body’s demands for energy (3)

A
  • Absorptive state
  • Postabsorptive state
  • Starvation
58
Q

Absorptive state

A

Between 0-3 hours, body is going through the process of ingesting and storing the last thing you ate. Body is breaking down carbohydrates, proteins and fat into glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and metabolizes them for energy/stores for later

59
Q

Postabsorptive state

A

Between 4-24 hours, Body switches to catabolic state where stored nutrients are put to use

60
Q

Starvation

A

Between 24-72 hours, body is deprived of nourishment for an extended period of time and goes into survival mode

61
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, including sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides) and polysaccharides. Carbohydrates broken down into glucose which is oxidized to release energy stored in its bonds to produce ATP

62
Q

When glucose is in excess (2)

A
  • Glycogenolysis: Converts glucose to pyruvic acid
  • Glycogenesis: Converts polymerizes glucose to form glycogen
63
Q

When glucose is at low levels (3)

A
  • Glycogenolysis: Hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers
  • Gluconeogenesis: Forms glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors (eg. glycerol)
  • Triglycerides broken down to glycerol and individual fatty acids via lipolysis
64
Q

Triglycerides

A

Primary long term energy storage molecules

65
Q

Fatty acids

A

Becomes a major source of ATP production in tissues when glucose levels are low and are broken down to acetyl-CoA via beta oxidation

66
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Catabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in cytosol to generate acetyl-CoA and enter Krebs cycle where ATP, NADH, FADH2 is produced

67
Q

Tissues that prefer fatty acids for ATP synthesis (3)

A
  • Liver
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Resting skeletal muscle
68
Q

What happens when nutrients are in excess

A

Then the excess of glucose, amino acids or lipids can be stored as triglycerides

69
Q

Can the liver perform gluconeogenesis

70
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Produced by the liver for energy when glucose is not available

71
Q

3 types of ketone bodies (3)

A
  • Acetoacetate
  • 3-hydroxybutyrate
  • Acetone
72
Q

Significance of ketone body production

A

Important to minimize gluconeogenesis and save protein catabolism, they leave the liver and get transported to other tissues, then they get converted back to acetyl-CoA and used for energy

73
Q

What happens to excess amino acids

A

They are deaminated (amino group removed) and converted to urea in liver

74
Q

Urea

A

Waste product made when liver breaks down protein

75
Q

Uses of carbon skeleton (3)

A
  • Cellular respiration
  • Lipid production
  • Gluconeogenesis
76
Q

Amino acid catabolism significance during fasting

A

Provides oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis

77
Q

Uses of fatty acids (by muscle) and ketone body (by brain) resul

A

Minimize amino acid catabolism which is important for maintaining overall health and tissue integrity

BIOL1203 (12 decks)

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