Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL1203 > UNIT 2 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM I > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM I Flashcards

1
Q

General functions of a circulatory system (3)

A
  • Deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells
  • Remove waste materials
  • Distribute hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 major systems of circulatory system

A

Blood, blood vessels, heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blood

A

Fluid portion of circulatory system pumped by the heart throughout the body through blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries). Humans have approximately 6L of blood and makes up 7-8% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Principle functions of blood (3):

A
  • Transportation: O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, wastes
  • Regulatory: pH, temperature, osmotic (water/salt) balance
  • Protection & defense: Phagocytosis, antibodies, clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 major components of blood

A

55% Fluid (plasma) and 45% cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plasma components (6)

A
  • Water
  • Ions (blood electrolytes); Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Bicarbonate
  • Plasma proteins; albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulin (antibodies)
  • Nutrients; glucose, fatty acids, vitamins
  • Respiratory gases; O2, CO2
  • Hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Plasma functions (5)

A
  • Carry cells of blood in circulation
  • Transport nutrients to tissues and carry away waste materials
  • Maintain acid-base balance of blood
  • Effect intracellular communication through transport of hormones
  • Defense functions through clotting and transport antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Albumin

A

Most abundant plasma protein manufactured by the liver and serve as binding proteins and transport fatty acids/steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Produced by the liver essential for blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Globulin

A

3 subgroups (alpha, beta, gamma globulin). Alpha and beta transport iron, lipids, fat soluble vitamins and gamma globulin involved in immunity/antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Large molecule made up of proteins and irons consisting of 4 folded chains of protein called globin bound to reg pigment called Heme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cellular components (3)

A
  • Erythrocyte (RBC)
  • Leukocyte (WBC)
  • Platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RBC (erythrocyte)

A

Transports O2 and some CO2, and aids in blood clotting. Makes up the largest portion of cellular component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

RBC structure

A

A-nucleate, bi-concave disc packed with 280 million hemoglobin per cell and capable of transporting 4 oxygen molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How long does a RBC last

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RBC production stimulus

A

Low oxygen supply stimulates the production of more erythrocyte(negative feedback loop)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone from the kidney that stimulates red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells and platelets which occurs in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pluripotent stem cell

A

An immature stem cell capable of giving rise to several different cell types found in bone marrow. Can differentiate into lymphoid stem cell or myeloid stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lymphoid stem cell

A

Makes up 15% of cells in healthy bone marrow and matures into B cells or T cells (lymphocytes; WBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Myeloid stem cell

A

Matures into all blood cells except lymphoid cells, RBC, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

WBC (leukocyte)

A

Defense via phagocytosis and immunity. Less numerous than RBC and makes up 1% of total blood volume and consists of two basic types; granulocytes, agranulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How long do WBC live

A

Typically only a few days. However, lymphocytes live for months or years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Granulocyte

A

Neutrophil, eosinophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Agranulocyte

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Neutrophils

A

Kill bacteria, fungi, foreign debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Fight virus and make antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Monocyte

A

Clean up damaged cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Eosinophils

A

Kill parasites, cancer cells and involved in allergic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Basophils

A

Involved in allergic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Leukocyte proportion count (6)

A
  • Neutrophils 60-70%
  • Lymphocytes 20-25%
  • Monocytes 3-8%
  • Eosinophils 2-4%
  • Basophils 0.5-1%
    = Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why is leukocyte count important

A

Each leukocyte has a definite purpose and seeing changes in specific types can help diagnose a problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Leucocytosis

A

When the WBC count is greater than 10,000/ul which indicates an infectious process or cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Leucopenia

A

When the WBC count is less than 5,000/ul which indicates a severe disease (AIDS, bone marrow failure, severe malnutrition, chemotherapy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Acute bacterial infections

A

Increase neutrophils

36
Q

Chronic infections

A

Increase monocytes

37
Q

Antigen/antibody or viral infections

A

Increases lymphocytes and monocytes

38
Q

Allergic reactions

A

Increase eosinophils and basophils

39
Q

Parasitic infestation

A

Increase eosinophils

40
Q

Hemoglobin test

A

Blood is hemolysed (RBCs are broken up) and the intensity of the red color of the resultant fluid is compared to standard

41
Q

Normal range of hemoglobin test

A

12-19g/100mL of blood

42
Q

Centrifugation

A

A method to separate different components of blood

43
Q

Hematocrit determination

A

Measures volume of RBC relative to total volume of blood (Volume of red blood cells (mm)/total sample volume (mm))

44
Q

Normal values for hematocrit determination male and female:

A
  • Males: 40-54% (average 47%) due to higher levels of testosterone that stimulate RBC formation
  • Females 38-46% (average 42%) due to lower levels of testosterone and menstrual blood loss
45
Q

Anemia

A

Lower than normal values of RBC

46
Q

Polycythemia

A

Higher than normal levels of RBC

47
Q

Platelet

A

Forms blood clotting to limit blood loss

48
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Hematopoietic cells responsible for production of platelets

49
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Condition in which there are too many platelets

50
Q

How viscous is blood compared to water

A

Blood is about 4-5 times more viscous than water

51
Q

Cause of blood viscosity (2)

A
  • Number of erythrocytes
  • Amount of albumins
52
Q

Hemostasis

A

Reduction and stoppage of blood loss from a damaged blood vessel

53
Q

3 mechanisms of hemostasis:

A
  • Vascular spasm (constriction of blood vessel)
  • Platelet plug formation
  • Activation of blood clotting (coagulation)
54
Q

Vascular spasm (3)

A
  • First response of a damaged artery
  • Smooth muscle contraction in walls of blood vessel reduces blood flow prevents excessive blood loss until long term mechanisms take effect
  • Effective for up to 30 minutes to a few hours
55
Q

Platelet plug formation (2)

A
  • Platelets stick to collagen fibers on damaged vessel walls
  • Platelets activate and swell, extend projections and become sticky and release chemicals to cause other vascular spasms and make other platelets sticky
56
Q

Blood consistency inside and outside body

A

Liquidy inside blood vessel but thick and gel like (blood clot) when removed from body

57
Q

Serum

A

A clear yellowish fluid that remains after blood has clotted

58
Q

2 types of clotting pathways:

A
  • Extrinsic pathway
  • Intrinsic pathway
59
Q

Extrinsic pathway (2)

A
  • Inury to epithelial tissue (skin tissue), blood leaves the vessel = fast clot formation
  • Injury to the skin exposes tissue factor (thromboplastin) to the blood which converts plasma protein factor X into prothrombinase with help of Ca2+
  • Activated by tissue factor
60
Q

Intrinsic pathway (4)

A
  • Damage inside blood vessel and no blood leaves the blood vessel but exposes the connective tissue of blood vessel = slow clot formation (several min)
  • Platelets break down releasing Platelet Factor 3 (PF3) in blood
  • PF3 activates Factor XII a plasma protein
  • Factor XII converts Factor X into prothrombinase with help of Ca2+
  • Activated by blood factor
61
Q

Prothrombin

A

Inactive enzyme in plasma. Serves as precursor for thrombin for blood clotting

62
Q

Prothrombinase

A

Enzyme that converts prothrombin into thrombin

63
Q

Thrombin

A

Main enzyme of blood clotting that converts fibrinogen into fibrin

64
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Soluble clotting protein in plasma

65
Q

Fibrin

A

Insoluble thread like protein that forms a net across wound and trap platelets and RBC to stop bleeding and creating environment for repair

66
Q

Clot retraction

A

Shrinking of blood clot and edges of blood vessel walls slowly brought closer together for repair

67
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis (3)

A
  • Thrombus
  • Embolus
  • Haemophilia
68
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot in an unbroken blood vessel formed from platelets adhering to sites of inflammation

69
Q

Embolus

A

Any piece of cell debris carried by blood flow (eg. Air bubble, fat droplet, endothelium)

70
Q

Haemophilia

A

Genetic deficiency of the production of clotting factor (cant form clots properly)

71
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Chemical inhibitors of blood clotting (preventing blood clot)

72
Q

Types of anticoagulants (5)

A
  • Antithrombin
  • Heparin
  • Warfarin
  • Activated protein C (APC)
  • Prostacyclin
73
Q

Antithrombin

A

Inactivates thrombin

74
Q

Heparin

A

Inactivates thrombin

75
Q

Warfarin

A

Interferes with action of vitamin K

76
Q

Aspirin

A

Inhibits vasoconstriction and platelet aggression

77
Q

What type of mechanism is blood clotting

A

Positive feedback. Stimulus is being intensified since once thrombin is formed, it stimulates the production of more thrombin and activates more platelets

78
Q

Why doesn’t clotting spread (3)

A
  • Clotting factors rapidly diluted in fast flowing blood
  • Inhibition of activated clotting factors
  • Once the clot is formed, the thrombin is bound to the fibrin it forms and inactivated by anti-thrombin and heparin
79
Q

Thrombolytic agents

A

Substances that help dissolve blood clots once they form by activating plasminogen into plasmin

80
Q

Plasmin

A

Enzyme that degrades fibrin

81
Q

Plasminogen

A

Inactive form of plasmin that is incorporated into clots as it forms

82
Q

Vitamin K (3)

A
  • Required for synthesis of 4 clotting factors
  • Produced by large intestine bacteria and absorbed through lining of intestine
  • Stimulates liver to produce prothrombin more meaning more thrombin resulting in faster clot formation
83
Q

Affects of vitamin K deficiency

A

Bruising and prolonged bleeding

84
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessel

85
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

86
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart

BIOL1203 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions