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BIOL1203 > UNIT 10 - REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I & II > Flashcards

UNIT 10 - REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I & II Flashcards

1
Q

Male reproductive system function

A

To produce, transfer, and introduce sperm into female reproductive tract where fertilization occurs

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2
Q

Testes

A

Two oval shaped structures located in scrotum outside body cavity and produces testosterone and sperm

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3
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Process by which sperm cell production occurs (65-75 days) and 300 million cells produced daily

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4
Q

Ideal environment for sperm

A

Lower temperature needed for survival

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5
Q

Male reproductive ducts (4)

A
  • Epididymis
  • Vas Deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Urethra
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6
Q

Epididymis

A

Comma shaped organs located posteriorly to testes and site of sperm maturation (gains mobility); sperm stored here for 4 weeks

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7
Q

Vas Deferen

A

Transports sperm to the ejaculatory duct; can also store sperm

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8
Q

Ejaculatory duct:

A

Short duct where contents from vas deferens and seminal vesicles merge, and the semen is ejected into urethra

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9
Q

Urethra

A

Large duct that passes through prostate gland and carries semen out of the penis consisting of 3 regions; also carries urine

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10
Q

3 regions of the urethra:

A
  • Prostatic
  • Intermediate (membranous)
  • Spongy
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11
Q

Male reproductive accessory organs/gland function

A

Secretes liquid portion of semen

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12
Q

Male reproductive accessory organs/glands (3)

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral (Cowper’s gland)
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13
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Glands located under the bladder and secretes alkaline, viscous fluid that provide about 60% of the total volume of semen and is needed to neutralize acidic female environment (high in fructose = supplies atp for sperm); provide necessary components of semen

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14
Q

Prostate gland

A

Size of a chestnut and produces a milky acidic substance that contains citric acid (for ATP), enzymes, and prostaglandins that help sperm mobility and viability and makes up 25% of total volume of semen; support sperm function

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15
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland

A

Located inferior to the prostate and secretes an alkaline mucous (precum) for lubrication/to create a more favourable environment for sperm and makes up 15% of total volume of semen; ideal environment for sperm

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16
Q

Female reproductive system function

A

To develop ova (eggs), prepare for fertilization, and to carry the fertilized egg through the development stages (egg –> zygote –> fetus)

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17
Q

Ovaries

A

Small oval shaped glands located on either sides of uterus responsible for the production of ova (eggs) and the production of estrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

Female reproductive ducts (3)

A
  • Fallopian (uterine) tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
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19
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Pair of tubes that are the site of fertilization and the transport of ovum (eggs)/zygote from ovaries to the uterus (occurs approximately once a month)

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20
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Condition when a fertilised egg implants itself outside the womb on fallopian tubes (non-viable)

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21
Q

Uterus

A

Site of menstruation and fetal development (implantation occurs here) and consists of 3 layers

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22
Q

Cervix

A

Lower uterine opening to the vagina

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23
Q

3 uterine layers

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
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24
Q

Perimetrium

A

Outermost serous layer part of visceral peritoneum

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25
Q

Myometrium

A

Middle layer of smooth muscle

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26
Q

Endometrium

A

Innermost layer of mucosal lining of the uterine cavity

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27
Q

Stratum functionalis

A

Thick superficial layer that is shed off during menstruation and grows new during each cycle

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28
Q

Stratum basalis

A

Layer that never goes away

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29
Q

Vagina

A

Responsible for copulation, birth canal and menstrual flow. It also produces organic acids to maintain acid environment to decrease microbial growth

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30
Q

Female reproductive glands (2)

A
  • Bartholin’s glands
  • Skene’s glands
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31
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

Located on either side of vaginal orifice and produces mucous secretion for lubrication

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32
Q

Skene’s glands

A

Located on either side of urethral orifice and produce mucous secretion for lubrication

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33
Q

Clitoris

A

Erectile tissue responsible for female sexual orgasm

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34
Q

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

A

Stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone

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35
Q

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)

A

Indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis by ensuring that levels of testosterone stay high around spermatogenic cells

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36
Q

Inhibin

A

Inhibits the synthesis and release of FSH and LH

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37
Q

Mechanism and anatomical pathway of sperm release (4)

A
  • Sperm is produced from spermatogenic cells
  • As cells become sperm, they move towards lumen of seminiferous tubule
  • By the time they are sperm, they travel to the epididymus
  • Sperm propelled from epididymus along vas deferens to ampulla where sperm is stored for several months
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38
Q

Scrotum

A

Bag of skin that supports and protects the testes outside the body

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39
Q

Penis

A

Primary sex organ that introduce sperm when erect into female genital tract via sympathetic reflex

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40
Q

Parasympathetic vs sympathetic process:

A
  • Erection: Parasympathetic process due to relaxation and increased blood flow
  • Ejaculation: Sympathetic process associated with fight or flight due to preparation to body of intense physical activity and active process of muscle contraction
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41
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Preparation of endocrine tissues and release of eggs from ovary ~ 28 days

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42
Q

Ovarian cycle characteristics (4)

A
  • Each ovary has 200,000 primary follicles
  • Each month 1 egg matures and is released
  • Cycle is about 28 days
  • Regulated by the hypothalamus (GnRH), anterior pituitary (FSH, LH), and ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
43
Q

Menstrual (uterine) cycle

A

Preparation and maintenance of uterine lining ~~ 28 days

44
Q

If fertilization does not occur..

A

If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels fall and the thickened lining of the uterus that was prepared to support a potential pregnancy during menstrual cycle will shed causing bleeding (25-65mL of blood, tissue fluid, mucous and epithelial cells)

45
Q

Menstrual cycle process (3)

A
  • Days 1-5 (menstrual phase): Uterus sheds all except of the deepest part of the endometrium
  • Days 6-14 (proliferative phase): Endometrium rebuilds itself
  • Days 15-28 (secretory phase): Endometrium prepares for implantation of the embryo
46
Q

Days 1-5 (Menstrual phase) (2)

A
  • GnRH stimulates release of FSH and LH
  • FSH stimulate follicle growth and maturation and follicles release estrogen
47
Q

Days 6-14 (proliferative phase) (2)

A
  • Rising estrogen levels inhibits FSH allowing one dominant follicle to enlarge
  • Secreted estrogen thickens the endometrium
48
Q

Pre-ovulatory phase (2)

A
  • High estrogen has a positive feedback effect on the pituitary
  • LH surge triggers rupture of the mature follicle and ovulation
49
Q

Days 15-28 (secretory phase) post ovulation (2)

A
  • LH stimulates the corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and more progesterone
  • Progesterone and estrogen cause the endometrium to develop glands
50
Q

End of cycle (3)

A
  • Corpus luteum’s progesterone and estrogen inhibit LH production
  • Decreased LH cause corpus luteum atrophy leading to fall in progesterone and estrogen
  • Without these hormones, the endometrium cannot be maintained leading to menstruation
51
Q

Pregnancy test

A

Measures the hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin; hormone produced by cells that form placenta) levels in urine or blood from day 8 post fertilization

52
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Maintained by hCG and produced by the developing placenta and secretes estrogen and progesterone to maintain endometrium

53
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of the nuclei of sperm and egg that occurs in outer third of fallopian tubes within 12-24 hours of ovulation to form a zygote

54
Q

Fertilization statistics (4)

A
  • 300 million sperm ejaculated
  • 2 million reach cervix
  • 2000 sperm reach ovum
  • Head of only 1 sperm enters ovum
55
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg (fusion of sperm and egg)

56
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball of cells after zygote undergoes multiple rounds of cell division

57
Q

Blastocyst

A

Further cell division and differentiation of morula that attach to endometrium after 6-8 days of post fertilization

58
Q

Trophoblast

A

Outer layer of cells in blastocyst responsible for initiating attachment of embryo to the lining of the uterus (endometrium)

59
Q

Embryonic germ layers (3):

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
60
Q

Ectoderm

A

Skin and CNS/PNS

61
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscle bone, connective tissue, skeleton, heart, BV, kidneys

62
Q

Endoderm

A

Epithelium of GIT, gallbladder, trachea and lungs

63
Q

Extra-embryonic membranes (4)

A
  • Chorion
  • Amnion
  • Yolk sac
  • Allantois
64
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost membrane that develops from trophoblast and becomes part of the placenta to absorb nutrients from endometrium

65
Q

Amnion

A

Produces insulating fluid (fluid for embryo) and responsible for temperature maintenance and shock absorber

66
Q

Yolk sac

A

Has little importance in humans (nutrient source for birds) but becomes part of umbilical cord later on

67
Q

Allantois

A

Develops into stalk of embryo and responsible for role in formation of blood cells and umbilical blood vessels and becomes part of umbilical cord later on

68
Q

Placenta

A

Temporary disc shaped organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy from embryonic chorion and maternal endometrium that is well developed by 4 months and replaces corpus luteum; also produces estrogen and progesterone

69
Q

Placenta functions (2)

A
  • Nutrients exchange from mother to fetus, and waste exchange from fetus to mother
  • Endocrine secretions of hCG, estrogen and progesterone
70
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Formed by allantois and yolk sac and contains 1 vein that carries blood form placenta to fetus, and 2 arteries that carry blood from fetus to placenta

71
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

72
Q

Embryo

A

After fertilization to 8 weeks of development

73
Q

Fetus

A

Week 9 to childbirth

74
Q

Identical twins (monozygotic)

A

Occurs when one fertilized egg splits and develops into two babies with the exact same genetic information; shared placentas

75
Q

Fraternal twins (dizygotic)

A

Occurs when two eggs are fertilized by two sperm and produce two genetically unique children; separate placentas

76
Q

Estrogen (pregnancy)

A

Stimulates uterine contraction

77
Q

Progesterone (pregnancy)

A

Inhibits uterine contraction

78
Q

Estrogen (labour)

A

Promotes contraction at the start of labour since their levels rise more rapidly than progesterone

79
Q

Progesterone (labour)

A

Levels fall dramatically before labour

80
Q

Oxytocin (labour)

A

Forceful uterine contractions regulated by positive feedback

81
Q

Estrogen (lactation)

A

Early breast development

82
Q

Progesterone (lactation)

A

Development of glandular tissue

83
Q

Oxytocin (lactation)

A

Milk ejection reflex regulated by positive feedback

84
Q

Prolactin

A

Milk production that can be inhibited by estrogen and progesterone

85
Q

3 stages of labour:

A
  • Dilation
  • Expulsion
  • Placental
86
Q

Dilation

A

Cervix relaxes causing it to dilate and thin out

87
Q

Expulsion

A

Uterine contractions increase in strength and infant is delivered

88
Q

Placental

A

Placenta is expelled

89
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Fetal blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood from placenta to developing fetus

90
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Fetal blood vessel shunting oxygenated blood from umbilical vein directly into inferior vena cava

91
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Small opening between the atria of fetal heart that allow blood to bypass lungs facilitating redirection of oxygenated blood from right atrium to left atrium (closes after birth)

92
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta

93
Q

Umbilical artery

A

Fetal blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from the fetus back to the placenta

94
Q

Inefficiency of fetal circulation cause

A

Caused by the mixing of oxygenated blood from the ductus venosus with deoxygenated blood in fetal inferior vena cava but the fetus is still able to get adequate amount of oxygen because fetal hemoglobin binds with oxygen more efficiently than adult hemoglobin

95
Q

When does fetal circulation process end

A

Right after delivery of baby, the structures that bypassed the lungs fill with connective tissue or close off

96
Q

Fetal circulation transformation (5)

A
  • Umbilical veins –> ligamentum teres
  • Ductus venosus –> ligamentum venosum
  • Foramen ovale –> fossa ovalis (depression in the wall between atria)
  • Ductus arteriosus –> ligamentum arteriosum
  • Umbilical arteries –> medial umbilical ligaments
97
Q

Neonatal blood cells

A

Higher RBC count (less than 1% still nucleated), higher Hb concentration, higher WBC count

98
Q

Site of fetal erythropoeisis (4)

A
  • Liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes
  • After birth
  • RBC are produced entirely by red bone marrow
  • Number of blood cells decrease to adult level
99
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

A

Complex substance containing lipids and proteins that decrease surface tension

100
Q

Phospholipoprotein

A

Component of pulmonary surfactant produced by fetal lung from week 26-28 that plays a crucial role in reducing surface tension within alveoli of lungs preventing tendency to collapse during exhalation

101
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Caused by surfactant deficiency in premature babies

102
Q

Fetal lungs (3)

A
  • Filled with fluid prior to delivery
  • During labour, fetal thoracic cavity is compressed and expels about 33% of fluid
  • Initial breath of fetus push rest of fluid into cardiovascular and lymphatic system
103
Q
A

BIOL1203 (12 decks)

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