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BIOL1203 > UNIT 3 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM II > Flashcards

UNIT 3 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM II Flashcards

1
Q

Heart (4)

A
  • Located in thoracic cavity posterior to sternum
  • 2/3 of heart is left of midline of body, 1/3 to the right
  • Size of clenched fist
  • Divided into 4 chambers
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2
Q

Atria

A

Upper two chambers of the heart and thin walled because they only have to pump blood into ventricles

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3
Q

Ventricle

A

Lower two chambers of the heart and thick walled because it pumps blood a longer distance

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4
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumps blood to lungs; shorter distance, lower pressure, lower resistance

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5
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pumps blood to whole body; longer distance, higher pressure, more resistance

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6
Q

Septum

A

Separates the ventricles

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7
Q

Which side of the heart has greater pressures

A

Left

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8
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart and flows in fast high pressure

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9
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to heart and flows in slow low pressure

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10
Q

Capillary

A

Smallest blood vessel that intermingles with cells and exchanges material

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11
Q

Pulmonary trunk and aorta

A

Major arteries that leave the heart

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12
Q

Aorta

A

Leaves the left ventricle and supplies oxygenated blood to body

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13
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

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14
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Collects blood from upper half of body and carries it to the right atrium

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15
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Collects blood from lower half of body and carries it to the right atrium

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16
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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17
Q

2 components of pericardium:

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Parietal serous pericardium
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18
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that prevents overstretching and anchors heart

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19
Q

Parietal serous pericardium

A

Lines the fibrous pericardium

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20
Q

Visceral serous pericardium

A

Serosa layer covering entire surface of heart (epicardium)

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21
Q

Layers of the heart wall (3)

A
  • Epicardium (external)
  • Myocardium (middle)
  • Endocardium (inner)
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22
Q

Epicardium

A

Outermost protective layer of the heart

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23
Q

Myocardium

A

Hard working, contracting, muscular layer of the heart

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24
Q

Endocardium

A

Innermost layer of epithelial tissue on layer of connective tissue that lines large blood vessels

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25
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Between epicardium and pericardium that contains pericardial fluid to reduce friction

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26
Q

How much of the heart is cardiac muscle

A

95%

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27
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood flow from heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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28
Q

Blood flow of pulmonary circulation

A

Right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary artery –> lungs

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29
Q

Systematic circulation

A

Blood flow from heart to the head and body and back to the heart

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30
Q

Blood flow of systematic circulation

A

Left atrium –> left ventricle –> head/body

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31
Q

Double circulation

A

Concept of blood travels through two loops (pulmonary loop and systematic loop)

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32
Q

Heart valves

A

Flaps/cusps of fibrous connective tissue covered by endocardium functioning in preventing the backflow of blood in heart

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33
Q

4 types of heart valves:

A
  • Bicuspid valve
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Aortic valve
  • Semilunar valve
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34
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Located between the left atrium and left ventricle and has 2 flaps/cusps

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35
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Located between the right atrium and right ventricle and has 3 flaps/cusps

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36
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Cords of connective tissue that help anchor the flaps to the walls of the heart preventing valves from opening to prevent backflow of blood

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37
Q

Papillary muscle

A

Muscles within the cavity of the ventricles of hearts attached to walls

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38
Q

2 types of semilunar valves and functions

A

Aortic valve and pulmonary valve, functions to prevent the backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk and aorta into heart

39
Q

Aortic valve

A

Located at the opening between left ventricle and aorta

40
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Located at the opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

41
Q

Atria contractions

A

Blood fills ventricles through atrioventricular valve

42
Q

Ventricle contractions

A

Blood pumped into aorta and pulmonary trunk through semilunar valves

43
Q

Coronary circulation (5)

A
  • Heart muscle needs constant supply of nutrients and oxygen
  • 2 major arteries: left and right coronary arteries branch into smaller arteries that distribute blood to all parts of heart muscle
  • Left coronary artery supplies left atrium and left ventricle
  • Right coronary artery supplies right atrium and right ventricle
  • Coronary veins direct collected blood into a large vein = coronary sinus that gets emptied into right atrium
44
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

Ability of all heart muscles to spontaneously contract

45
Q

Is cardiac muscle self excitable? Explain

A

Cardiac muscle is self excitable because each cardiac muscle cell does not require its own nerve and are branched and linked to one another

46
Q

Sino atrial node/pace maker

A

Generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract

47
Q

4 basic components of conduction system of heartbeats:

A
  • Sino-atrial node (SA)
  • Atrio-ventricular node (AV)
  • Atrio ventricular bundle
  • Purkinje fibers
48
Q

Atrioventricular bundles

A

Connects AV node to ventricles and splits into right and left bundle branches

49
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Specialized cardiac cells that generate electrical impulses that cause ventricle to contract

50
Q

Control of heartbeat (4)

A
  • Pacemaker generates signal to contract and signal spreads to both atria
  • Both atria contract SIMULTANEOUSLY and sends signal from sino atrial node (SA) to stimulate atrioventricular node (AV)
  • Delayed signal (0.15) transferred from AV node through branches to apex of heart
  • Ventricle contraction starts at apex and spreads to rest of ventricle via purkinje fibers
51
Q

Systole

A

Periods of contractions (ventricular ejection)

52
Q

Diastole

A

Periods of relaxation (ventricular filling)

53
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Continual rhythmical contraction and retraction of the heart

54
Q

Each single heart beat involves (2)

A
  • Contraction and relaxation of both atria
  • Contraction and relaxation of both ventricles
55
Q

When are heart sounds heard

A

When valves close

56
Q

Cardiac cycle (5)

A
  • Atrial & ventricular diastole (all 4 chambers relaxed)
  • Semilunar valves closed preventing backflow = DUBB
  • Atrial systole & ventricular diastole
  • Ventricular systole & atrial diastole
  • Ventricles contract and increased pressure forces AV valves closed = LUBB
57
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

Detects heart’s electrical activities

58
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization initiated by SA node

59
Q

PR interval

A

Depolarization travels from SA node through AV node

60
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

61
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

62
Q

QT interval

A

Duration it takes the heart muscle to contract and then recover

63
Q

ST segment

A

The time between end of QRS complex and beginning of T wave

64
Q

Mechanisms that control heart rate (3):

A
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Chemical regulation (hormones, ionic composition of blood)
  • Body temperature
65
Q

Autonomic nervous system involvement

A

2 structure found in the medulla oblongata (base of brain) that can cause an increase/decrease in heart rate (eg. Changes in blood pressure, co2, o2 levels)

66
Q

Hormones involvement

A

Chemical messenger produced by certain glands in body. Various hormones function to increase heart rate, not decrease (eg. Adrenalin, noradrenalin, thyoid hormones)

67
Q

Ionic composition of blood involvement

A

Higher than normal levels of Na+ and K+ can cause decrease in heart rate, and increased Ca2+ levels result in increased heart rate

68
Q

Body temperature involvement

A

Elevated body temperature results in increased heart rate and lower body temperature results in decreased heart rate

69
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart and flows in fast high pressure

70
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to heart and flows in slow low pressure

71
Q

Artery structure (4)

A
  • Thick layer of muscle
  • Thick layer of elastic connective tissue
  • Squamous endothelial cell line insides
  • Layer of smooth muscle
72
Q

Vein structure (5)

A
  • Thinner layer of muscle
  • Thinner layer of elastic connective tissue
  • Squamous endothelial cell lines insides
  • Layer of smooth muscle
  • Blood flow assisted by - contraction of skeletal muscle
73
Q

Tunica interna

A

Inner layer of arteries and veins consisting of endothelium, connective tissue and elastic fibers

74
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle layer of arteries and veins consisting of smooth muscles arranged in a circular fashion around blood vessel and elastic/collagen fibers

75
Q

Tunica externa

A

Outer layer of arteries and veins consisting of connective tissue containing collagen

76
Q

Capillaries

A

Site of exchange, comprised of many small vessels and thin walls. Blood flows very slowly with low pressure

77
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Connect arteries to veins

78
Q

Capillaries structure (3)

A
  • Thin blood vessel (cells pass single file)
  • Walls made of single layer of squamous epithelial cell
  • Capillaries leak and some plasma can leave the blood through gaps between epithelial cells to allow nutrients in blood to get to tissues
79
Q

Blood pressure

A

The pressure exerted on the arterial walls due to contraction of ventricles typically measured at brachial artery. Blood pressure gets lower further away from the heart

80
Q

Blood pressure readings

A

Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure

81
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

Male - 120/80, female - 7-10mmHg

82
Q

Factors that impact blood pressure (5)

A
  • Heart rate
  • Strength of contraction
  • Blood volume
  • Blood vessel resistance
  • Blood viscosity (thickness)
83
Q

Pulse

A

Expansion and the elastic recoil of an artery that occurs when the ventricles contract

84
Q

Where pulse can be felt (4)

A
  • Radial artery
  • Common carotid artery
  • Temporal artery
  • Femoral artery
85
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery of body carrying oxygen rich blood from heart to circulatory system

86
Q

Ascending aorta:

A

First part of the aorta that pumps blood through aortic arch into descending aorta

87
Q

Descending aorta

A

Carries oxygen rich blood from heart through chest and abdomen

88
Q

Thoracic aorta

A

Part of aorta located in thorax

89
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

Largest artery in the abdominal cavity

90
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Carries the deoxygenated blood from the upper limbs, head and neck

91
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from lower and middle body into right atrium of heart

92
Q

Hepatic vein

A

Carry venous blood from liver into inferior vena cava

93
Q

Renal vein

A

Carry filtered blood from kidney into inferior vena cava

94
Q

Iliac vein

A

Carry blood from lower limbs and pelvis

BIOL1203 (12 decks)

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