Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL1203 > UNIT 1 - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Gland

A

Cells or organs that produce secretions for use in the body. Secretions are produced by specialized cells in glands from various components in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Exocrine gland characteristics (4)

A
  • Secretes substances through tubes/ducts
  • Ducts may be simple tubes or complex tree like ducts
  • Diverse (eg. Salivary gland, mammary gland, sweat gland, pancreas, stomach, prostate)
  • Varied secretions (eg. Saliva, milk, sweat, digestive enzymes, fluids to accompany gametes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Ductless glands that secretes hormones into interstitial fluid, then blood and lymph to the target cells via receptors for a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of hormones (7)

A
  • Stimulate secretion of exocrine glands
  • Stimulate endocrine glands
  • Affect growth, development, personality
  • Regulate metabolism of cells
  • Regulate contraction of muscle tissues
  • Regulate nervous stimulation
  • Control reproductive processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Purpose of regulation of hormone secretion

A

Hormone levels must be tightly controlled to prevent abnormal hormone levels and a potential disease state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is regulation of hormone secretion controlled

A

It is controlled by balancing hormone production and degradation. Feedback loops also govern the initiation and maintenance of hormone secretion in response to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 categories of stimuli for hormonal stimuli:

A
  • Humoral
  • Hormonal
  • Neural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Humoral stimulus

A

Hormone is released in response to a change in the blood or other body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hormonal stimulus

A

Hormone is released in response to the action of another hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neural stimulus

A

Hormone is released by direct stimulus from neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that regulate activities of various body organs. It is released in one part of the body and regulates metabolic activities of cells in another part of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hormone receptor

A

A protein located within cell membrane where the message from the hormone is received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intracellular hormone receptors

A

Located inside the cell and hormones bind to DNA within nucleus to trigger protein synthesis. Hormones that bind to this receptor must be able to cross the cell membrane (lipid-soluble)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cell membrane hormone receptors

A

Located on the cell membrane and hydrophilic or water soluble hormones are unable to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of membrane and must pass on their message to a receptor located at the surface of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Categories of hormones (4)

A
  • Amine hormone
  • Peptide hormone
  • Protein hormone
  • Steroid hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Amine hormone

A

Amino acids with modified groups (eg. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peptide hormone

A

Short chains of linked amino acids (eg. Oxytocin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Protein hormone

A

Long chains of linked amino acids (eg. Human growth hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Derived from lipid cholesterol (eg. Testosterone, progesterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nervous system

A

Rapid communication, short-term effect, neurotransmitters released and act at nearby synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Endocrine system

A

Communication takes longer since hormones travel through bloodstream, longer lasting effects, hormones released from place distant from where effects occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nervous system & endocrine system signals

A

Nervous system is by electrical impulses (action potentials), endocrine system is by chemical impulses (hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nervous system & endocrine system pathways

A

Nervous system is by the transmission by neurons, endocrine system is transported by blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nervous system & endocrine system speed of information

A

Nervous system is fast, endocrine system is slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nervous system & endocrine system duration of effect

A

Nervous system is short lived, endocrine system can be short or long lived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Nervous system & endocrine system type of action and response

A

Nervous system can be voluntary or involuntary, endocrine system is always involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nervous system & endocrine system target

A

Nervous system is localized (cells connected to neuron), endocrine system is often distant (many cells can be effected)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Structure of diencephalon of brain located anterior and inferior to thalamus and links the endocrine and nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Division of pituitary lobes

A

Anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

Produces releasing hormones that stimulate the secretion of separate hormones from anterior pituitary + produces inhibiting hormones. It also produces oxytocin and ADH that is transported via neurons and stored/released in posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Produced in hypothalamus and released from anterior pituitary (releasing hormones) (4)

A
  • Corticotropoin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Inhibiting hormone produced by hypothalamus

A

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Interrelationship between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

A

4 of the hormones that the hypothalamus produces act as releasing factors that stimulate the secretion of 5 separate hormones from anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Produced in hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary (2):

A
  • Oxytocin
  • ADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Does the posterior pituitary gland produce any hormones of its own

A

No, only the anterior pituitary gland. The hormones produced by the hypothalamus (oxytocin and ADH) travel down neuron axons from cell bodies in hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland where it is stored and released into the blood

36
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones (6)

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone F(SH)
  • Leuteinizing hormone L(H)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone A(CTH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone T(SH)
  • Prolactin P
  • Growth hormone G(H)
  • = FLAT PiG
37
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates growth and hormone activity in ovarian follicles

38
Q

Leuteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Causes development of corpus luteum (ovarian structure) and stimulates secretion of testosterone

39
Q

What is LH called in males

A

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone

40
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids to control body metabolism

41
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH

A

Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxin to control body metabolism

42
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates milk in female mammary glands

43
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Promotes growth in all body tissues by promoting increase in cell size and increasing synthesis of proteins and body metabolism

44
Q

Hypersecretion

A

Overproduction of hormone

45
Q

Hyposecretion

A

Underproduction of hormone

46
Q

Pituitary dwarfism cause

A

Underproduction (hyposecretion) of growth hormone during childhood

47
Q

Simmonds disease cause

A

Overproduction (hypersecretion) of growth hormone in adults

48
Q

Giantism cause

A

Overproduction (hypersecretion) of growth hormone in childhood

49
Q

Acromegaly

A

Condition from hypersecretion of growth hormone and very slow growth and thickening of bones, organ and tissues

50
Q

Oxytocin

A

Causes contraction of smooth muscle of uterus to expel fetus and causes ejection of milk from mammary gland

51
Q

ADH

A

Increases water reabsorption in the kidney by increasing the permeability to water of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting of duct in nephron. This action + narrowing diameter of BV can be used to raise blood pressure

52
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Consists of two lobes joined together by isthmus across bottom of larynx and produces hormone thyroxine and calcitonin

53
Q

Thyroxin functions (5)

A
  • Increase metabolic rate
  • Increase breakdown of fats and carbohydrates
  • Increase protein synthesis
  • Maintains body temperature
  • Stimulates growth of nervous and skeletal system
54
Q

Calcitonin functions (3)

A
  • Lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity (cells that breakdown bone)
  • Not controlled by hypothalamus/anterior pituitary and controlled by negative feedback of calcium levels in blood
55
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone (parathormone)

56
Q

Parathormone function

A

Increases blood calcium by stimulating release of calcium/phosphate from bone tissue and increases absorption of calcium from intestinal mucosa and increased reabsorption of calcium in kidney

57
Q

Bone formation

A

Osteoblasts (calcitonin from thyroid)

58
Q

Bone resorption

A

Osteoclasts (parathyroid hormone)

59
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Wedges of glandular and neuroendocrine tissue adhering to the top of the kidneys by a fibrous capsule separated into 2 regions; outer cortex, inner medulla

60
Q

3 zones of adrenal cortex:

A
  • Zone glomerulosa
  • Zone fasciculata
  • Zone reticularis
61
Q

Zone glomerulosa (4)

A
  • Secretes mineralcorticoids (salts)
  • Mainly aldosterone
  • Promotes Na+ and water reabsorption
  • Promotes K+ and H+ secretion in urine
62
Q

Zone fasciculata (6)

A
  • Secretes glucocorticoids (sugars)
  • Mainly cortisol
  • Secretion regulated by ACTH and ACTH - RH
  • Increases body’s resistance to stress
  • Stimulates protein catabolism and glucose anabolism
  • Anti-inflammatory action
63
Q

Zone reticularis (3)

A
  • Secretes androgens (sex)
  • Serve as source of sex hormones until gonads mature at puberty
  • Development of secondary sex characteristics in female and males
64
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Hormones essential for fluid and electrolyte balance (not controlled by ACTH from pituitary gland)

65
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Hormones in response to long-term stressors. Hypothalamus secretes CRH which triggers release of ACTH by anterior pituitary

66
Q

Androgens

A

Production of cortical sex hormones upon influence of ACTH from anterior pituitary gland

67
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenalin/nonadrenalin) under ANS control

68
Q

Adrenal medulla functions

A

Fear, excitement and danger responses

69
Q

Epinephrine functions

A

Increase blood pressure, depth of breathing, increase heart rate and glucose levels

70
Q

Norepinephrine functions

A

Increase blood pressure, decrease blood flow to the gut and skin

71
Q

Pancreas

A

Both endocrine and exocrine gland (but mostly exocrine). Endocrine tissue within pancreas is located in areas called the islets of Langerhans

72
Q

Insulin

A

Produced by islets of Langerhans from beta cells to lower blood sugar by increasing glucose uptake by body cells

73
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced by islets of Langerhans from alpha cells to raise blood sugar

74
Q

2 hormones produced by the ovaries in women

A

Estrogen, progesterone

75
Q

Estrogen

A

Produced by ovarian follicles and stimulates growth of primary and secondary sex characteristics

76
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced by the corpus luteum and stimulates the development of milk-secretory tissue in the breasts and maintains pregnancy

77
Q

Hormone produced by testes in males

A

Testosterone

78
Q

Testosterone

A

Stimulates development of primary and secondary sex characteristics like accessory glands, penis, body hair, deepening of voice

79
Q

Gastrin

A

Hormone responsible for the secretion of hydrochloric acid in stomach, and some enzymes

80
Q

Duodenum

A

Produces hormone called secretin that stimulates the pancreas to produce pancreatic juice that lead to digestion

81
Q

Thymus

A

Located in the chest between lungs and secretes thymosin. The thymus is larger in infants, than in adults

82
Q

Thymosin

A

Hormone involved in growth and maturation of immune cells by promoting maturation of T-cells

83
Q

Pineal gland

A

Found in the brain attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle and produces hormone melatonin

84
Q

Melatonin characteristics/function

A

Responsive to light and regulates daily and seasonal circadian rhythms. It also effects gonad activity by inhibiting LH release. Levels increase 10 fold during sleep

85
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Produced by the cell membrane and are lipids in nature. They are found in all body cells except for blood cells. They differ from hormones because they have specific effects on local target tissues

86
Q

Prostaglandins functions:

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Stomach secretions
  • Nerve impulse transmission
  • Uterine contractions
  • Immune responses

BIOL1203 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions