unit 7 Flashcards
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
instinct
a complex, unlearned behavior, that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
drive reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior
optimum arousal theory
some motivated behaviors increase arousal
yerkes-dodson law
principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a certain point after which performance decreases
hierarchy of needs
maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
glucose
the form of sgar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
set point
the weight around which your brain tries to keep you
basal metabolic rate
the body’s resting rate of energy expidenture
ghrelin
made by an empty stomach
tells brain you’re hungry
insulin
made by pancreas
controls blood sugar
orexin
made by hypothalamus
triggers hunger
leptin
protein horomone made by fat cells
when there’s a lot, the brain decreases hunger and increases metabolism
PYY
made by digestive track
sends ‘not hungry’ signals
james-lange
stimulus - physiological arousal - emotional experience
schachter-singer
stimulus - physiological arousal - cognitive appraisal - emotional experience
cannon-bard
stimulus - physiological/emotional at same time
lazarus
stimulus - cognitive appraisal - physiological/emotional at same time
zajonc-ledoux
stimulus - emotional experience
stress
a condition in which the human system responds to changes in it’s normal, balanced state
stressor
anything that is perceived as challenging, threatening, or demanding
adaptation
change in response to a stressor
alarm reaction
stressor upsets homestasis
adrenaline and cortisol produced
lowered immune response
resistance
body fights back by adjusting to the stressor
long term response
adrenaline, cortisol, glucose are produced
exhaustion
body no longer able to resist stressor
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
psychoanalysis
freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts, the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unsconscious tensions
unconscious
according to freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
according to current psychologists, info processing that we are not aware of
id
reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual/aggressive impulses
ego
mainly conscious, executive part of personality that mediates the demands of the super ego, id, and reality
operates on the reality principle - satisfying the id’s desires in a way that is socially acceptable and that brings pleasure not pain
superego
part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and future aspirations
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
oedipus complex
a boy’s sexual desires for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for his father
identification
the process by which children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos
fixation
a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts/feelings/memories from consciousness
regression
restreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage
elementry schooler sucking their thumb when nervous
reaction formation
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
repressing angry feelings, someone displays exagerated friendliness
projection
disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
when someone who is cheating on their partner constantly accuses the partner of cheating
rationalization
offering self-justifying explanations in place of real, more threatening unsconsious reasons for one’s actions
a habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends just to be sociable
displacement
shifting sexual/aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable/less threatening object or person
girl who is angry at her mom kicks her dog
sublimation
transferring of sociall unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives
someone with aggressive urges becomes a surgeon
denial
refusing to belive or even perceive painful realities
someone denies evidence of their partner’s affair
self-actualization
the process of reaching our potential
congruency
in carl rogers’ theory, when other’s views of us and our own self-evaluations match
incongruency
in carl rogers’ theory, when others view us different than we view ourself, there is inconguency, which can lead to depression and anxiety
rotter’s expectancy theory
we learn what to expect so our behavior is based on those expectations and how much we care about the outcome
- different loci of control
observation
you see a behavior modeled and copy it
self-efficacy
how much you believe in your ability to succeed at something
reciprocal determinism
interaction of mental state, behavior, and environment
gordon allport
7 main traits
personality is made of cardinal traits (expectionally strong traits that are really the only ones that can be used to describe you), central traits, and secondary traits
raymond cattell
factor analysis was used to determine 16 personality dimensions/factors
hans eysenek
2 personality dimensions
emotionality vs stability and introversion vs extraversion
biological causes for certain personality traits
costa and mccrae
big 5 model
openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism
how did freud’s treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconcious mind?
in treating patients whose disorders had no clear physical explanation, freud concluded that these problems reflected unacceptable thoughts and feelings, hidden away in the unconscious mind. to explore this hidden part of a patient’s mind, he used free association and dream analysis.
