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AP Psychology > exam review > Flashcards

exam review Flashcards

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1
Q

people are born with knowledge, it is inate

A

socrates/plato

descartes agreed

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2
Q

knowledge comes from experience

A

artistotle

locke agreed

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3
Q

the mind likes to find patterns

A

bacon

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4
Q

measuring atoms of the mind

A

wundt

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5
Q

introduced structuralism

mentored margaret washburn

A

titchner

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6
Q

introduced functionalism

mentored mary calkins

A

william james

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7
Q

structuralism

A

discovering the structural elements of the mind

involved self-relfective introspection, which resulted in varying accounts/experiences

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8
Q

functionalism

A

explored how mental and behavioral processes function

ie how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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9
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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10
Q

cognitive perspective

A

how reliable is memory? how can we improve our thinking?

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11
Q

behavioral genetics

A

how are behaviors, skills, and attitudes determined by genetics?

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12
Q

neuroscience

A

how does brain structure/function/activity influence emotion?

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13
Q

evolutionary

A

what makes us prone to anger, panic, and irrational judgements?

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14
Q

behaviorist

A

how are our problematic behaviors reinforced and how can we change them?

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15
Q

psychodynamic

A

how do unresolved childhood issues impact you later in life

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16
Q

social cultural

A

could our behaviors, skills, and attitudes be “downloads” from our culture?

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17
Q

acetylcholine (ACH)

A

excitatory, muscle function, learning, memory, attention
too much = muscle spasms
too little = alzhiemers

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18
Q

dopamine

A

inhibitory, mood, emotion, arousal
too much = schizophrenia, durg addiction
too little = parkinson’s

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19
Q

serotonin

A

inhibitory, mood regulation, hunger, sleep
too much = hallucinations
too little = depression, mood disorders

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20
Q

norepinephrine

A

ecitatory, arousal, alertness, fight or flight, mood elevation
too much = anxiety
too little = mood disorders, especially depression

21
Q

glutamate

A

main excitatory, basis of learning and long term memory

too much = migraines or seizures

22
Q

GABA

A

main inhibitory, regulates sleep/wake cycles
too much = sleep or eating disorders
too little = anxiety, epilepsy, insomnia, huntington’s

23
Q

endorphins

A

inhibitory, pain control, stress reduction, positive emotions
too much = artificial highs, poor response to pain
too little = opiate addiction

24
Q

brainstem

A

controls automatic survival functions

25
Q

medulla

A

controls heart beat and breathing

26
Q

pons

A

helps coordinate movement and sleep

27
Q

thalamus

A

sensory control center

28
Q

reticular formation

A

nerve network that plays a role in arousal and enables conscious awareness

29
Q

cerebellum

A

processes sensory input, balance, memory, learning

30
Q

hippocampus

A

processes conscious memories

31
Q

amygdala

A

linked to emotions like fear and anger

32
Q

hypothalamus

A

drives/reward center, directs eating and drinking, controls body temp and endocrine system

33
Q

broca’s area

A

controls muscle movement required for language expression

34
Q

wernicke’s area

A

understanding language

35
Q

cerebral cortex

A

control and info processing center

36
Q

frontal lobe

A

speaking and muscle movements, making plans, judgements

37
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory info for touch and body position

38
Q

occipital lobe

A

includes visual corteces

39
Q

temporal lobe

A

includes auditroy areas

40
Q

motor cortex

A

controls voluntary movement

41
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

processes info from skin senses and movement of body parts

42
Q

association areas

A

parts of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions such as thinking and learning

43
Q

why do we sleep?

A 
it protects us
restores/repairs brain tissue
consolodates our memories 
boosts our thinking and learning
supports growth
44
Q

What are the parts of a nueron and how are neural impusles generated?

A

neurons are the elementary components of the nervous system. a neuron receives signals through its branching dendrites and sends signals through its axons. some axons are encased in a myelin sheath which increases speed of transmission. if the combined signals exceed a maximum threshold, the neuron fires, transmitting an electrical impulse (action potential) down its axon by means of a chemistry-to-electricity process.

45
Q

how do nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells?

A

when the action potential reaches the end of the axon (axon terminals), they stimulate the release of neurotransmitters. these chemical messengers carry a message across the synapse to the receptor sites on the receiving neuron. Then, the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap in a process called reuptake. if incoming signals are strong enough, the receiving neuron generates its own action potential and relays the message to other cells.

46
Q

what are the function of dreams?

A

freud’s wish fulfillment: manifest and latent content, info processing, to develop and preserve neural pathways in the brain, neural activation, reflect the level of development of the dreamer.

47
Q

what are the functions of the various cerebral cortex regions?

A

the cerebral cortex has 2 hemispheres and each contains a parietal lobe, frontal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. glial cells support, protect, and nourish neurons and produce myelin. they also may play a role in thinking and leanring. the motor cortex controls voluntary movements. the somatosensory cortex registers and processes body touch and mvoement sensations. body parts that require more precise control or those that are more sensitive take up more space in each cortex. a major portion of each lobe is taken up by association areas.

48
Q

what is the biological rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages?

A

we cycle through 4 distinct sleep stages about every 90 minutes. first comes the irregular brain waves of NREM-1, often with the senation of floating or falling. NREM-2 follows and lasts about 20 minutes, characterized by sleep spindles in the brain waves. Then we enter NREM-3 for about 30 minutes with its large, slow delta waves. about an hour after falling asleep, periods of REM sleep begin along with dreaming. internally, we are aroused but are outwardly paralyzed.

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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