Unit 7 Flashcards
0
Q
What forms the floor of the third ventricle and portions of the lateral walls
A
Hypothalamus
1
Q
What runs through the substance of each thalamic mass that helps divide them into subdivisions?
A
Internal medullary lamina made up of myelinated fibers
White matter composition
2
Q
Infundibulum and optic chiasma are considered part of what?
A
Hypothalamus
Does not include pituitary gland
3
Q
What areas is the hypothalamus divided into?
A
Anterior
Intermediate
Posterior
4
Q
Hypothalamus does not work without what?
A
Aid or influence from other centers
5
Q
Hypothalamus has vague control over.
A
Hunger
Thirst
Sex
6
Q
The hypothalamus controls physical aspects of?
A
Emotional expression
8
Q
What are the parasympathetic controls of hypothalamus?
A
anterior and intermediate areas
tuber cinereum included
8
Q
What are the two mechanisms to allow the hypothalamus to have endocrine control?
A
Directly via neuron
Indirectly via hormones
9
Q
In what area of hypothalamus will you find sympathetic controls?
A
Posterior area
includes the posterior nuclei and mammillary bodies
10
Q
What two nucleus send axons into posterior of pituitary gland?
A
Supra optic
Para ventricular
11
Q
What are th hormones supraoptic and paraventricular secrete?
A
Adh
Oxytocin
13
Q
What nuclei is responsible for circadian rhythm?
A
Suprachiasmatic nuclei
14
Q
all senses input to the cerebral hemispheres is relayed and some extent integrated in the thalamus, except?
A
olfaction
15
Q
what do the thalamus, along with the reticular formation input do?
A
helps focus the attention of the cerebral cortex
16
Q
what is the purpose of focusing the attention of the cerebral cortex?
A
temporarily make certain corticoal sensory areas especially receptive and others less
17
Q
some appreciation of ____ and ___________ sensations are interpreted at the thalamic level?
A
pain and temperature
18
Q
though pain and temperature are somewhat interpreted at the thalamus, what is needed for complete intergration?
A
higher center (post central gyrus) relay
19
Q
a complicated accumalation of nuclear centers exist in ?
A
each thalamic mass
20
Q
what runs through each thalamic mass and help divide them into subdivisions?
A
internal medullary lamina of myelinated fibers
21
Q
the thalamus is divided into equal right and left thalamic masses held together by?
A
massa intermedia (MI)
22
Q
what forms the floor and lateral walls of the third ventricle?
A
hypothalamus
23
Q
the infundibular stalk and optic chiasma are included in the structure of what?
A
hypothalamus
24
Q
the hypothalamus consists of what zones?
A
medial and lateral zones
25
the medial zone of the hypothalamus can be subdivided into?
anterior
intermediate
posterior areas
26
the hypothalamus has parasympathetic control over what functions?
increases digestive motility
decreases heart rate
constriction of the pupil
27
the hypothalamus has sympathetic control over what functions?
increases heart rate and vasoconstriction
decreases digestive motility
responsible for pupil dilation, piloerection, and sweat gland (sudomotor) secretions.
28
how does the hypothalamus exert endocrine control?
- directly via neuron axon extensions into the posterior pituitary
- indirectly via neurohormones to control the release of anterior pituitary hormones
29
the region of the hypothalamus superior and posterior to the optic chiasma and infundibular stalk is subdivided into what three areas?
anterior area
intermediate area
posterior area
30
what is the exact location of the anterior subdivision of the hypothalamus?
area just above the optic chiasma
31
what are the important contents of the anterior area?
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
suprachiasmatic nuclei
anterior nucleus
preoptic area
32
the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei send axons down through the infundibular stalk via what tracts?
hypothalamohypophyseal
or
supra-opticohypophyseal tracts
33
where do the hypothalamohypophyseal or supra-opticohypophyseal tract terminate?
they terminate in the posterior pituitary
34
when the hypothalamohypophyseal and supra-opticohypophyseal tract terminates in the posterior pituitary they are both capable of releasing what?
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones
35
what is the main function of Antidiuretic hormone in the body?
retains water
36
what is the main function of oxytocin in the body?
stimulates uterine contractions
| increase/stimulate milk let down and secretion
37
what is the suprachiasmatic nuclei connected to?
it is complexely connnected to pineal gland which allows its secretions to be released into the blood stream
38
what nucleui is responsible for our 24- 25 circadial rhythms of temperature, sleep, light, feeding
suprachiasmatic nuclei
39
the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is generally known for what?
parasympathetic function, some sympathetic
40
what is the preoptic area (nucleus) of the anterior hypothalamus area known for?
thermo-regulator; especially as the body heats up too warm= sweat
41
what are the important contents of the intermediate area of the hypothalamus?
Dorsomedial nuclei
ventromedial nuclei
Arcuate nuclei
tuber cinereum
42
what is the dorsomedial nuclei known for?
A significant GI tract parasympathetic influence. (speeds up the digestive tract)
43
what is the ventromedial nuclei known for?
A center for eating and thrist gratification
| fullness center
44
what is the nuclei near the infundibular stalk, which has an intermediate area that has a series of small nuclei forming an arch-like shape?
Arcuate Nuclei
45
the arcuate nuclei contribute neurons to what tract?
tuberoinfundibular tract
46
the tuberoinfundibular tract terminates and secretes their neurohormones where?
perivascular spaces of the infundibular stalk
47
the neurohomrones secreted into the perivascular spaces of the infundibular stalk then pass where?
to the anterior pituitary by way of the bloodstream
48
what do the neurohormones from the tuberinfundibular tract do?
they influence the release of pituitary hormones
| commonly called releasing factors
49
more recently releasing factors have been called?
hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones
50
what is the term used to describe the undulating bulge between the infundibular stalk and the large mammillary bodies?
tuber cinereum
51
several nuclei, including the arcuates create a "gray swelling" or Tuber Cinereum. what was named for this region?
the tuberoinfundibular tract
52
what are the important contents of the posterior area?
mammillary bodies
| posterior nuclei
53
what are the mammillary bodies?
a nucleus with hippocampal formation and anterior thalamic nuclei
54
what are the mammillary bodies important for?
important for short-term memory
55
what is the function of the posterior nuclei?
a thermoregulator; especially as the body cools down
| stimulating shivering
56
what is the posterior area known for?
diverse sympathetic actions
57
the posterior pituitary develops embryologically from where?
the diencephalon
58
which area gives rise to the anterior pituitary and intermediate pituitary?
Rathke's Pouch
59
what is the other name for the anterior pituitary?
adenohypophysis
60
what is another name for the posterior pituitary?
pars nervosa
or
neurohypophysis
61
the posterior pituitary is a small extension of the brain and the neurons from the brain run where?
directly into the body of the posterior pituitary
62
the anterior pituitary must receive its hypothalamic influence via the?
bloodstream
63
where does most blood to the pituitary and infundibular stalk come from?
branches off the internal carotid arteries
64
within the infundibular stalk the small arteries break into highly permeable capillaries called?
fenestrated sinusoids
65
what do the sinusoids of the infundibular stalk pick up?
they pick up the releasing factors from the tuberoinfundibular tract fibers
66
a series of small veins drains the hormone-laden blood to the capillary beds of what?
anterior pituitary
67
the veins that transport the hormone-laden blood from the posterior pituitary to the anterior pituitary are called what?
hypophyseal portal veins( and system)
68
once the releasing factors enter the substance of the anterior pituitary they exert a?
controlling influence on the release of pituitary hormones
69
what is the location of the subthalamus?
just under the lateral ventral aspect of the thalamus
70
what nuclei are contained within the subthalamus?
parvocellular region of the red nucleus
superior portion of the substantia nigra
subthalamic nuclei
71
what is the other name for the subthalamic nuclei?
corpus Luysi
72
the subthalamic nuclei is part of what system?
extrapyramidal system
73
what is ballism or hemiballism?
dramatic forceful flinging movements of the shoulders and/or hips
74
what causes ballism or hemiballism?
lesions of the subthalamic usually vascular
75
anatomically the right and left hemispheres are what? in comparison to each other?
equivalent
76
recent detailed studies of the telencephalon show difference in between the sides, at which lobe?
temporal lobe is slightly different on each side
77
functionally, the hemispheres are much different even though most of the activity is eventually shared via?
commissural fibers
78
what is the telencephalons outer convoluted gray cerebral cortex called?
pallium
79
in the telencephalon what is the mass underlying the pallium collectively known as?
centrum semiovale
80
deep within the centrum semiovale are collections of neuron cell bodies called the?
basal ganglia
81
the insula and limbic region are sometimes called?
lobes and pseudolobes
82
where does the final integration of neural mechanisms happen?
telencephalon
83
the telencephalon is the initiation center for?
voluntary movements
84
memory and associative memories are functions of what section of the brain?
telencephalon
| includes ability to summate experiences
85
the telencephalon functions for abstract thinking which serves as a basis for much of our?
emotional response
86
most of the abstract thinking activity is centered in the?
prefrontal region
| in broadmann areas 9 through 12 and in parietal lobes
87
the sensory area of the telencephalon receive input from many sources, but this input is built up into perceptions of?
form
size
texture
88
the build up of perceptions in the telencephalon are used and stored for what two things?
motor output and thought elaboration
89
what is the total surface area of the pallium?
2.5 square feet
90
two-thirds of the surface area of the pallium is where?
down in the sulci
| 1/3 on the free surface of gyrus
91
thickness of the cortex varies between?
1.5 -4.5mm
92
where is the thickest part of the cortex?
precentral gyrus
93
where is the thinnest part of the cortex?
calcarine sulcus
94
which is thicker? gyrus cortex or sulcus cortex
the gyrus cortex is thicker
95
what is the total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex?
100 billion
or
50-60 billion
depending on source
96
each neuron may synapse with an average of how many?
600 others
| some as high as 4000
97
what are the two subdivisions of the cortex?
neocortex (isocortex)
| Allocortex
98
describe the neocortex?
phylogenetically new and occupies 90% of the total cerebral cortex. cells and cell layers are vaguely homogenous (minor variation)
99
describe the allocortex?
includes two ancient parts that occupy 10% of the total cerebral cortex area. cell and cell layers are quite heterogenous (variable)
100
most regions of the neocortex will have how many cortex laminae?
6 cerebral cortex laminae
101
what are the six common laminae of the neocortex?
```
molecular (plexiform) lamina 1
external granular lamina 2
external pyramidal lamina 3
internal granular lamina 4
internal pyramidal (ganglionic) lamina 5
multiform (fusiform) lamina 6
```
102
what is neocortex lamina 1?
molecular (plexiform)
103
what is neocortex lamina 2?
external granular
104
what is neocortex lamina 3?
external pyramidal
105
what is neocortex lamina 4?
internal granular
106
what is neocortex lamina 5?
internal pyramidal (ganglionic)
107
what is neocortex lamina 6?
multiform (fusiform)
108
describe lamina 1?
- molecular lamina
- the outermost lamina, nearest to pia mater
- filled with synaptic activity
109
describe lamina 2?
- external granular layer
- lots of small closely packed granular neurons
- axons extend into deeper lamina of same cortex area
- sometimes called INTRAcortical association layer
110
describe lamina 3?
- external pyramidal
- small pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies
- axons extend out of the cortex to the white matter and then return to the gray matter
- sometimes called the INTERcortical association
111
lamina 2 and 3 are collectively called the?
associative lamina
| -best developed in human brain
112
describe lamina 4?
- internal granular
- small closely packed cell bodies
- specific thalamic inputs arrive here
- some thalamic input will reach molecular layer
- well developed in sensory areas
113
describe lamina 5?
- internal pyramidal (ganglionic)
- large pyramidal-shaped neuron cell bodies
- even giant pyramidal (betz) cells are found in certain areas
- axons project to other brain and cord centers from here
114
describe lamina 6
multiform
- quite a mix of incoming and outgoing fibers
- has large numbers of projection neurons (especially to thalamus)
115
laminae 5 and 6 are sometimes called the?
projection laminae
116
what region is broadmann area 4 confined to?
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobes
117
what area contributes the most fibers to the precentral gyrus?
broadmann #4
118
what are the functions of the broadmann 4?
voluntary motor intiation of distal extremities and facial and oral musculature
119
what is the only broadmann area to contain giant pyramidal cells?
broadmann area 4
120
the cortex of broadmann area 4 is thick and has well-developed projection laminae? which laminae?
5 and 6
121
which broadmann areas sends projections to the basal ganglia, pontine nuclei, reticular formations... basically all brainstem nuclei?
broadmann area 4
122
what broadmann areas are known as the somesthetic cortex?
areas 1,2,3
123
what broadman is intertwined along the complex post central gyrus of the parietal lobe?
broadmann areas 1,2,3
124
pain, thermal,deep/light touch, vibratory and kinesthetic input is received and integrated into conscious sensation in this gyrus area of what broadmann?
broadmann area 1,2,3
125
what are the two located just in front of area 4 and sometimes called the premotor regions?
area 6 and 8
126
what broadmann areas are perfectly good motor intiation centers contributing fibers directly and indirectly to thepyramidal system?
areas 6 and 8
127
what is area 6 best known for?
its eventual influence on the proximal portions of our extremities
128
what does area 8 intiate?
voluntary movements of our eyes
129
fibers from BD 8 stimulate lower motor neurons that move what?
the six extraocular eyes muscles
130
what broadmann areas are located in the anterior and rostral most parts of the frontal lobe?
9,10,11,12
131
what laminae are highly developed in BD#9,10,11,12?
laminae 2 and 3
132
what is the location of the lower motor neurons of BD# 8?
in the nuclei of cranial nerves 3,4 and 6
133
BD areas 9,10,11,12 are knwon as the?
associative cortex
134
areas 9,10,11,12 (associative cortex) is highly developed and associative input arrives from?
all cortical regions ( as well as thalamic and hypothalamic)
135
what BD area is responsible for our greatest elaboration of thought (including abstract reasoning, imagination, and emotional uniqueness)
areas 9,10,11,12
136
what lobe was destroyed during a lobotomy?
prefrontal lobe
137
what broadmann areas were destroyed during lobotomy?
areas 9,10,11,12
138
what are some key things to remember of lobotomy?
- ice picks were used through the corner of the eye
- freeman did over 3500 patients
- military with PTSD were commonly given this procedure
139
what is the location of area 44?
the frontal operculum along the lateral inferior surface of the frontal lobe
140
what is area 44 also known as?
Broca's speech area
141
association afferent fibers stream into Broca's from the highly integrated circuitry of what lobes?
parietal and temporal
142
BD# 4 neurons that intiate tongue, laryngeal and pharyngeal musculature in the process of speaking, writing and signing are directed by what BD area?
area 44 directs area 4 neurons
143
what is aphasia?
loss of power to communicate through writing, speaking or signs
144
what is dysphasia?
a partial or unusual loss of communicative ability
| modern texts use this term instead of aphaisa
145
when strokes damage the cells of broca's (44) what usually results?
a form of motor aphasia
| a person would realize what they wanted to say but the motor application of communication is halted
146
speech in specific and communicative skills in general are dominant on what side of the brain?
left side of the brain
is dominance established at birth???
is it always left-dominant???
147
is there a relationship between handedness and side of speech dominance?
i don't fucking know
| why you asking all them questions????
148
what effect is noted if area 44 is damaged on the non-dominant side?
wasn't in class answer this yourself
149
what BD#s occupy the bulk of the cortex in the occipital lobes?
17,18,19
150
colectively BD areas 17,18,19 are known as?
17,18,19
151
area 17 is located where?
located along the calcarine sulcus
152
area 17 receives input from where?
lateral geniculate body
153
which BD# is known as the primary visual cortex
17
154
in 17 we "see" which means what things are perceived here?
motion
illumination
transparency
"the shaking flashlight"
155
BD 17 is also called the striate cotex due to what?
the white band running through lamina 4
156
areas 18,19, and 17 fill much of which lobe?
occipital lobe
157
what BD areas are responsible for integrating andf memory storage for visual sensations?
18,19,17
158
a lesion in BD 18 and 19 does not lead to blindness but does?
inhibit correlating present images with past experience
159
what is prosopagnosia?
when you cant recognize faces
160
what is macula lutea?
area on posterior of each retina where we have clearest vision, the area affected by macular degeneration
161
what is area 41 also known as?
primary auditory cortex
162
where is area 41 located?
within the superior temporal gyrus particularly along a medial extension known as Heschl's gyrus or the transverse temporal gyrus
163
BD area 41 receives input fibers from where?
the medial geniculate body
164
what happens in area 41?
we "hear" including intergration of pitch,tone,loudness
165
what BD area surrounds 41 and extends nearly into the parietal lobe?
wernicke's area (22)
166
although BD 22 is known for its hearing memory function it is extensively utilized for bringing together the?
underlying structure of an utterance or for the formation of the written word
167
what BD area utilizes input from many sources including the ________ lobe and _________ lobe.
```
parietal lobe (BD area 5,7,39,40)
occipital lobe (BD area 17,18,19)
```
168
a lesion in wernicke's area could result in quite a different manifestation of?
Dysphasia
169
what BD regions are sandwiched between the somesthetic,auditory, and visual receptive regions?
areas 5,7,39,40
170
what BD areas fill the bulk of the parietal lobe and represent neurons capable of?
synthesizing memory and sensation into creative functions such as reading, writing and language
171
lesions in area 39 (angular gyrus) are especially destructive resulting in?
alexia and agraphia
| deficiency in reading and writing respectively
172
what is the arcuate fasiculus?
a connection between wernicke's area (22) and Broca's area (44). a communication pathway oddly active when we use tools
173
though taste reception is thought to be in multiple areas and little is nown of them, what area is thought to be mainly a gustatory area?
area 43 in the parietal operculum at the lateral extreme of the central sulcus
174
we habve a average size nose capable of picking up how many scents?
10,000
175
what type of cells are constantly being replaced?
stem cells also these stem cells are neurons
| this is quite unusual....
176
what sense is our first and remebered better than any other?
smell
177
interpretation of olfaction occurs where?
Bd# 34 in the uncus and area 28 in the parahippocampal gyrus of the temporal lobe
178
what functions are typically lateralized to the left?
```
speech
linear reasoning
grammar
vocabulary
tool use
sequential processing
```
179
what functions are typically lateralized to the right?
```
spatial manipulation
prosodic language
-facial expression
-intonation
singing
```
180
caudate nucleus and putamen nucleus combined are called the?
neostriatum
181
the caudate nucleus, putamen nucleus, and globus pallidus (paleostriatum) is known as the?
corpus striatum
182
the caudate nucleus, putamen nucles, globus pallidus, and amygdaloid complex make up the?
Basal Ganglia
183
the globus pallidus is also called the?
paleostriatum
184
the archistriatum is also called the?
archistriatum
185
putamen and globus pallidus together are also called the?
lenticular (lentiform) nucleus
186
the claustrum may or may not be included by authors of text, as part of the basal ganglia.
this is a statement not a question
187
striatal lesions normally lead to?
dyskinesia (muscle tone disturbances)
188
when there are tremors in the digits and lips while at rest this is known as?
parkinson
189
when a tremor occurs during an action of voluntary muscles, it is usually a lesion where?
cerebellum
190
describe huntington's chorea?
results in brisk series of graceful involuntary movements of extremities, facial muscles, tongue
191
in huntington's chorea the corpus striatum begins in deteriorate and a genetic deficiency of?
GABA
192
ballism can also occur from lesions in the _________ _________ which communicates with the subthalamic nucleus.
globus pallidus
193
the corpus striatum play a major role in?
regulating movement
194
the caudate nucleus is broken up into?
head
body
tail
195
the head region of the caudate nucleus is continuous with the putamen nucleus by?
gray matter bridges
196
afferent fibers synapse in the caudate from all lobes of the cortex and?
thalamus
substantia nigra
putamen
197
efferent output fibers extend from the caudate to the?
putamen
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
thalamus
198
what is the most lateral of the corpus striatal nuclei?
putamen nucleus (neostriatum)
199
the putamen and caudate would not function properly when dopamine was not delievered from the?
substantia nigra
200
afferent fibers from the putamen nucleus are the same as the?
caudate nucleus
| the caudate also sends fiber sto the putamen
201
what separates the globus pallidus into medial and lateral segments?
medial medullary lamina
202
the lateral part of the globus is separated from the putamen from the putamen by the?
lateral medullary lamina
203
afferent fibers of the globus pallidus are called?
pallidal fibers
204
pallidal fibers include axons from the?
caudate nucleus
putamen nucleus
subthalamic nucleus
205
efferent fibers of the globus pallidus are called the?
pallidalfugal fibers
206
efferent fibers from the globus pallidus are quite complex and represent the primary outflow from the?
corpus striatum
| most go to the anterior aspect of the thalamus
207
the basal ganglia play a key role in what system?
extra-pyramidal system
208
some would consider the basal ganglia a pre-motor influence or system since its input (via the thalamus) is primarily on?
cortical motor centers
| also contributes to the brain's ability to inhibit pain
209
what are the fiber types in the white matter?
projection
commissural
association axon bundles (fasiculi)
210
describe projection axons?
afferent and efferent
| most travel in re corona radiata and internal capsule
211
describe the commissural axons?
```
Corpus Callosum (approx 300 mill neurons)
-only found in placental mammals
-maximum width of one inch, about 4 inches long
Parts include
-splenium
-body
-genu
-rostrum
-forceps anticus
-forceps posticus
-tapetum
```
212
what axons are the most abundant part of the white matter?
association axon bundles (fasiculi)
213
what type of fibers make up the association axon bundles?
short fibers
| long fibers
214
what is the purpose of the short fibers of the association axon bundles of the white matter?
connect adjacent or near gyri
| -located just inward from the gray cortex
215
what is the purpose of the long fibers of the association axon bundles of the white matter?
connect distal parts of the same hemisphere
216
the inferior longitudinal fasiculus connect what?
between the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
217
the superior longitudinal fasiculus connects what?
connects frontal, parietal and occipital lobe
218
the cingulum located in the cingulate gyrus include important fibers between?
frontal, parietal, and hippocampal formations
