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Neuroanatomy 1 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

0
Q

What forms the floor of the third ventricle and portions of the lateral walls

A

Hypothalamus

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1
Q

What runs through the substance of each thalamic mass that helps divide them into subdivisions?

A

Internal medullary lamina made up of myelinated fibers

White matter composition

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2
Q

Infundibulum and optic chiasma are considered part of what?

A

Hypothalamus

Does not include pituitary gland

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3
Q

What areas is the hypothalamus divided into?

A

Anterior
Intermediate
Posterior

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4
Q

Hypothalamus does not work without what?

A

Aid or influence from other centers

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5
Q

Hypothalamus has vague control over.

A

Hunger
Thirst
Sex

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6
Q

The hypothalamus controls physical aspects of?

A

Emotional expression

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8
Q

What are the parasympathetic controls of hypothalamus?

A

anterior and intermediate areas

tuber cinereum included

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8
Q

What are the two mechanisms to allow the hypothalamus to have endocrine control?

A

Directly via neuron

Indirectly via hormones

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9
Q

In what area of hypothalamus will you find sympathetic controls?

A

Posterior area

includes the posterior nuclei and mammillary bodies

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10
Q

What two nucleus send axons into posterior of pituitary gland?

A

Supra optic

Para ventricular

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11
Q

What are th hormones supraoptic and paraventricular secrete?

A

Adh

Oxytocin

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13
Q

What nuclei is responsible for circadian rhythm?

A

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

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14
Q

all senses input to the cerebral hemispheres is relayed and some extent integrated in the thalamus, except?

A

olfaction

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15
Q

what do the thalamus, along with the reticular formation input do?

A

helps focus the attention of the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

what is the purpose of focusing the attention of the cerebral cortex?

A

temporarily make certain corticoal sensory areas especially receptive and others less

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17
Q

some appreciation of ____ and ___________ sensations are interpreted at the thalamic level?

A

pain and temperature

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18
Q

though pain and temperature are somewhat interpreted at the thalamus, what is needed for complete intergration?

A

higher center (post central gyrus) relay

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19
Q

a complicated accumalation of nuclear centers exist in ?

A

each thalamic mass

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20
Q

what runs through each thalamic mass and help divide them into subdivisions?

A

internal medullary lamina of myelinated fibers

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21
Q

the thalamus is divided into equal right and left thalamic masses held together by?

A

massa intermedia (MI)

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22
Q

what forms the floor and lateral walls of the third ventricle?

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

the infundibular stalk and optic chiasma are included in the structure of what?

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

the hypothalamus consists of what zones?

A

medial and lateral zones

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25
Q

the medial zone of the hypothalamus can be subdivided into?

A

anterior
intermediate
posterior areas

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26
Q

the hypothalamus has parasympathetic control over what functions?

A

increases digestive motility
decreases heart rate
constriction of the pupil

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27
Q

the hypothalamus has sympathetic control over what functions?

A

increases heart rate and vasoconstriction
decreases digestive motility
responsible for pupil dilation, piloerection, and sweat gland (sudomotor) secretions.

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28
Q

how does the hypothalamus exert endocrine control?

A
  • directly via neuron axon extensions into the posterior pituitary
  • indirectly via neurohormones to control the release of anterior pituitary hormones
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29
Q

the region of the hypothalamus superior and posterior to the optic chiasma and infundibular stalk is subdivided into what three areas?

A

anterior area
intermediate area
posterior area

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30
Q

what is the exact location of the anterior subdivision of the hypothalamus?

A

area just above the optic chiasma

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31
Q

what are the important contents of the anterior area?

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
suprachiasmatic nuclei
anterior nucleus
preoptic area

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32
Q

the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei send axons down through the infundibular stalk via what tracts?

A

hypothalamohypophyseal
or
supra-opticohypophyseal tracts

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33
Q

where do the hypothalamohypophyseal or supra-opticohypophyseal tract terminate?

A

they terminate in the posterior pituitary

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34
Q

when the hypothalamohypophyseal and supra-opticohypophyseal tract terminates in the posterior pituitary they are both capable of releasing what?

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones

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35
Q

what is the main function of Antidiuretic hormone in the body?

A

retains water

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36
Q

what is the main function of oxytocin in the body?

A

stimulates uterine contractions

increase/stimulate milk let down and secretion

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37
Q

what is the suprachiasmatic nuclei connected to?

A

it is complexely connnected to pineal gland which allows its secretions to be released into the blood stream

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38
Q

what nucleui is responsible for our 24- 25 circadial rhythms of temperature, sleep, light, feeding

A

suprachiasmatic nuclei

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39
Q

the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is generally known for what?

A

parasympathetic function, some sympathetic

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40
Q

what is the preoptic area (nucleus) of the anterior hypothalamus area known for?

A

thermo-regulator; especially as the body heats up too warm= sweat

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41
Q

what are the important contents of the intermediate area of the hypothalamus?

A

Dorsomedial nuclei
ventromedial nuclei
Arcuate nuclei
tuber cinereum

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42
Q

what is the dorsomedial nuclei known for?

A

A significant GI tract parasympathetic influence. (speeds up the digestive tract)

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43
Q

what is the ventromedial nuclei known for?

A

A center for eating and thrist gratification

fullness center

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44
Q

what is the nuclei near the infundibular stalk, which has an intermediate area that has a series of small nuclei forming an arch-like shape?

A

Arcuate Nuclei

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45
Q

the arcuate nuclei contribute neurons to what tract?

A

tuberoinfundibular tract

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46
Q

the tuberoinfundibular tract terminates and secretes their neurohormones where?

A

perivascular spaces of the infundibular stalk

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47
Q

the neurohomrones secreted into the perivascular spaces of the infundibular stalk then pass where?

A

to the anterior pituitary by way of the bloodstream

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48
Q

what do the neurohormones from the tuberinfundibular tract do?

A

they influence the release of pituitary hormones

commonly called releasing factors

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49
Q

more recently releasing factors have been called?

A

hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones

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50
Q

what is the term used to describe the undulating bulge between the infundibular stalk and the large mammillary bodies?

A

tuber cinereum

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51
Q

several nuclei, including the arcuates create a “gray swelling” or Tuber Cinereum. what was named for this region?

A

the tuberoinfundibular tract

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52
Q

what are the important contents of the posterior area?

A

mammillary bodies

posterior nuclei

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53
Q

what are the mammillary bodies?

A

a nucleus with hippocampal formation and anterior thalamic nuclei

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54
Q

what are the mammillary bodies important for?

A

important for short-term memory

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55
Q

what is the function of the posterior nuclei?

A

a thermoregulator; especially as the body cools down

stimulating shivering

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56
Q

what is the posterior area known for?

A

diverse sympathetic actions

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57
Q

the posterior pituitary develops embryologically from where?

A

the diencephalon

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58
Q

which area gives rise to the anterior pituitary and intermediate pituitary?

A

Rathke’s Pouch

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59
Q

what is the other name for the anterior pituitary?

A

adenohypophysis

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60
Q

what is another name for the posterior pituitary?

A

pars nervosa
or
neurohypophysis

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61
Q

the posterior pituitary is a small extension of the brain and the neurons from the brain run where?

A

directly into the body of the posterior pituitary

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62
Q

the anterior pituitary must receive its hypothalamic influence via the?

A

bloodstream

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63
Q

where does most blood to the pituitary and infundibular stalk come from?

A

branches off the internal carotid arteries

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64
Q

within the infundibular stalk the small arteries break into highly permeable capillaries called?

A

fenestrated sinusoids

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65
Q

what do the sinusoids of the infundibular stalk pick up?

A

they pick up the releasing factors from the tuberoinfundibular tract fibers

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66
Q

a series of small veins drains the hormone-laden blood to the capillary beds of what?

A

anterior pituitary

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67
Q

the veins that transport the hormone-laden blood from the posterior pituitary to the anterior pituitary are called what?

A

hypophyseal portal veins( and system)

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68
Q

once the releasing factors enter the substance of the anterior pituitary they exert a?

A

controlling influence on the release of pituitary hormones

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69
Q

what is the location of the subthalamus?

A

just under the lateral ventral aspect of the thalamus

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70
Q

what nuclei are contained within the subthalamus?

A

parvocellular region of the red nucleus
superior portion of the substantia nigra
subthalamic nuclei

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71
Q

what is the other name for the subthalamic nuclei?

A

corpus Luysi

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72
Q

the subthalamic nuclei is part of what system?

A

extrapyramidal system

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73
Q

what is ballism or hemiballism?

A

dramatic forceful flinging movements of the shoulders and/or hips

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74
Q

what causes ballism or hemiballism?

A

lesions of the subthalamic usually vascular

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75
Q

anatomically the right and left hemispheres are what? in comparison to each other?

A

equivalent

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76
Q

recent detailed studies of the telencephalon show difference in between the sides, at which lobe?

A

temporal lobe is slightly different on each side

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77
Q

functionally, the hemispheres are much different even though most of the activity is eventually shared via?

A

commissural fibers

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78
Q

what is the telencephalons outer convoluted gray cerebral cortex called?

A

pallium

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79
Q

in the telencephalon what is the mass underlying the pallium collectively known as?

A

centrum semiovale

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80
Q

deep within the centrum semiovale are collections of neuron cell bodies called the?

A

basal ganglia

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81
Q

the insula and limbic region are sometimes called?

A

lobes and pseudolobes

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82
Q

where does the final integration of neural mechanisms happen?

A

telencephalon

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83
Q

the telencephalon is the initiation center for?

A

voluntary movements

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84
Q

memory and associative memories are functions of what section of the brain?

A

telencephalon

includes ability to summate experiences

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85
Q

the telencephalon functions for abstract thinking which serves as a basis for much of our?

A

emotional response

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86
Q

most of the abstract thinking activity is centered in the?

A

prefrontal region

in broadmann areas 9 through 12 and in parietal lobes

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87
Q

the sensory area of the telencephalon receive input from many sources, but this input is built up into perceptions of?

A

form
size
texture

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88
Q

the build up of perceptions in the telencephalon are used and stored for what two things?

A

motor output and thought elaboration

89
Q

what is the total surface area of the pallium?

A

2.5 square feet

90
Q

two-thirds of the surface area of the pallium is where?

A

down in the sulci

1/3 on the free surface of gyrus

91
Q

thickness of the cortex varies between?

A

1.5 -4.5mm

92
Q

where is the thickest part of the cortex?

A

precentral gyrus

93
Q

where is the thinnest part of the cortex?

A

calcarine sulcus

94
Q

which is thicker? gyrus cortex or sulcus cortex

A

the gyrus cortex is thicker

95
Q

what is the total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex?

A

100 billion
or
50-60 billion
depending on source

96
Q

each neuron may synapse with an average of how many?

A

600 others

some as high as 4000

97
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the cortex?

A

neocortex (isocortex)

Allocortex

98
Q

describe the neocortex?

A

phylogenetically new and occupies 90% of the total cerebral cortex. cells and cell layers are vaguely homogenous (minor variation)

99
Q

describe the allocortex?

A

includes two ancient parts that occupy 10% of the total cerebral cortex area. cell and cell layers are quite heterogenous (variable)

100
Q

most regions of the neocortex will have how many cortex laminae?

A

6 cerebral cortex laminae

101
Q

what are the six common laminae of the neocortex?

A 
molecular (plexiform) lamina 1
external granular lamina 2
external pyramidal lamina 3
internal granular lamina 4
internal pyramidal (ganglionic) lamina 5
multiform (fusiform) lamina 6
102
Q

what is neocortex lamina 1?

A

molecular (plexiform)

103
Q

what is neocortex lamina 2?

A

external granular

104
Q

what is neocortex lamina 3?

A

external pyramidal

105
Q

what is neocortex lamina 4?

A

internal granular

106
Q

what is neocortex lamina 5?

A

internal pyramidal (ganglionic)

107
Q

what is neocortex lamina 6?

A

multiform (fusiform)

108
Q

describe lamina 1?

A
  • molecular lamina
  • the outermost lamina, nearest to pia mater
  • filled with synaptic activity
109
Q

describe lamina 2?

A
  • external granular layer
  • lots of small closely packed granular neurons
  • axons extend into deeper lamina of same cortex area
  • sometimes called INTRAcortical association layer
110
Q

describe lamina 3?

A
  • external pyramidal
  • small pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies
  • axons extend out of the cortex to the white matter and then return to the gray matter
  • sometimes called the INTERcortical association
111
Q

lamina 2 and 3 are collectively called the?

A

associative lamina

-best developed in human brain

112
Q

describe lamina 4?

A
  • internal granular
  • small closely packed cell bodies
  • specific thalamic inputs arrive here
  • some thalamic input will reach molecular layer
  • well developed in sensory areas
113
Q

describe lamina 5?

A
  • internal pyramidal (ganglionic)
  • large pyramidal-shaped neuron cell bodies
  • even giant pyramidal (betz) cells are found in certain areas
  • axons project to other brain and cord centers from here
114
Q

describe lamina 6

A

multiform

  • quite a mix of incoming and outgoing fibers
  • has large numbers of projection neurons (especially to thalamus)
115
Q

laminae 5 and 6 are sometimes called the?

A

projection laminae

116
Q

what region is broadmann area 4 confined to?

A

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobes

117
Q

what area contributes the most fibers to the precentral gyrus?

A

broadmann #4

118
Q

what are the functions of the broadmann 4?

A

voluntary motor intiation of distal extremities and facial and oral musculature

119
Q

what is the only broadmann area to contain giant pyramidal cells?

A

broadmann area 4

120
Q

the cortex of broadmann area 4 is thick and has well-developed projection laminae? which laminae?

121
Q

which broadmann areas sends projections to the basal ganglia, pontine nuclei, reticular formations… basically all brainstem nuclei?

A

broadmann area 4

122
Q

what broadmann areas are known as the somesthetic cortex?

A

areas 1,2,3

123
Q

what broadman is intertwined along the complex post central gyrus of the parietal lobe?

A

broadmann areas 1,2,3

124
Q

pain, thermal,deep/light touch, vibratory and kinesthetic input is received and integrated into conscious sensation in this gyrus area of what broadmann?

A

broadmann area 1,2,3

125
Q

what are the two located just in front of area 4 and sometimes called the premotor regions?

A

area 6 and 8

126
Q

what broadmann areas are perfectly good motor intiation centers contributing fibers directly and indirectly to thepyramidal system?

A

areas 6 and 8

127
Q

what is area 6 best known for?

A

its eventual influence on the proximal portions of our extremities

128
Q

what does area 8 intiate?

A

voluntary movements of our eyes

129
Q

fibers from BD 8 stimulate lower motor neurons that move what?

A

the six extraocular eyes muscles

130
Q

what broadmann areas are located in the anterior and rostral most parts of the frontal lobe?

A

9,10,11,12

131
Q

what laminae are highly developed in BD#9,10,11,12?

A

laminae 2 and 3

132
Q

what is the location of the lower motor neurons of BD# 8?

A

in the nuclei of cranial nerves 3,4 and 6

133
Q

BD areas 9,10,11,12 are knwon as the?

A

associative cortex

134
Q

areas 9,10,11,12 (associative cortex) is highly developed and associative input arrives from?

A

all cortical regions ( as well as thalamic and hypothalamic)

135
Q

what BD area is responsible for our greatest elaboration of thought (including abstract reasoning, imagination, and emotional uniqueness)

A

areas 9,10,11,12

136
Q

what lobe was destroyed during a lobotomy?

A

prefrontal lobe

137
Q

what broadmann areas were destroyed during lobotomy?

A

areas 9,10,11,12

138
Q

what are some key things to remember of lobotomy?

A
  • ice picks were used through the corner of the eye
  • freeman did over 3500 patients
  • military with PTSD were commonly given this procedure
139
Q

what is the location of area 44?

A

the frontal operculum along the lateral inferior surface of the frontal lobe

140
Q

what is area 44 also known as?

A

Broca’s speech area

141
Q

association afferent fibers stream into Broca’s from the highly integrated circuitry of what lobes?

A

parietal and temporal

142
Q

BD# 4 neurons that intiate tongue, laryngeal and pharyngeal musculature in the process of speaking, writing and signing are directed by what BD area?

A

area 44 directs area 4 neurons

143
Q

what is aphasia?

A

loss of power to communicate through writing, speaking or signs

144
Q

what is dysphasia?

A

a partial or unusual loss of communicative ability

modern texts use this term instead of aphaisa

145
Q

when strokes damage the cells of broca’s (44) what usually results?

A

a form of motor aphasia

a person would realize what they wanted to say but the motor application of communication is halted

146
Q

speech in specific and communicative skills in general are dominant on what side of the brain?

A

left side of the brain
is dominance established at birth???
is it always left-dominant???

147
Q

is there a relationship between handedness and side of speech dominance?

A

i don’t fucking know

why you asking all them questions????

148
Q

what effect is noted if area 44 is damaged on the non-dominant side?

A

wasn’t in class answer this yourself

149
Q

what BD#s occupy the bulk of the cortex in the occipital lobes?

150
Q

colectively BD areas 17,18,19 are known as?

151
Q

area 17 is located where?

A

located along the calcarine sulcus

152
Q

area 17 receives input from where?

A

lateral geniculate body

153
Q

which BD# is known as the primary visual cortex

154
Q

in 17 we “see” which means what things are perceived here?

A

motion
illumination
transparency
“the shaking flashlight”

155
Q

BD 17 is also called the striate cotex due to what?

A

the white band running through lamina 4

156
Q

areas 18,19, and 17 fill much of which lobe?

A

occipital lobe

157
Q

what BD areas are responsible for integrating andf memory storage for visual sensations?

158
Q

a lesion in BD 18 and 19 does not lead to blindness but does?

A

inhibit correlating present images with past experience

159
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

when you cant recognize faces

160
Q

what is macula lutea?

A

area on posterior of each retina where we have clearest vision, the area affected by macular degeneration

161
Q

what is area 41 also known as?

A

primary auditory cortex

162
Q

where is area 41 located?

A

within the superior temporal gyrus particularly along a medial extension known as Heschl’s gyrus or the transverse temporal gyrus

163
Q

BD area 41 receives input fibers from where?

A

the medial geniculate body

164
Q

what happens in area 41?

A

we “hear” including intergration of pitch,tone,loudness

165
Q

what BD area surrounds 41 and extends nearly into the parietal lobe?

A

wernicke’s area (22)

166
Q

although BD 22 is known for its hearing memory function it is extensively utilized for bringing together the?

A

underlying structure of an utterance or for the formation of the written word

167
Q

what BD area utilizes input from many sources including the ________ lobe and _________ lobe.

A 
parietal lobe (BD area 5,7,39,40)
occipital lobe (BD area 17,18,19)
168
Q

a lesion in wernicke’s area could result in quite a different manifestation of?

169
Q

what BD regions are sandwiched between the somesthetic,auditory, and visual receptive regions?

A

areas 5,7,39,40

170
Q

what BD areas fill the bulk of the parietal lobe and represent neurons capable of?

A

synthesizing memory and sensation into creative functions such as reading, writing and language

171
Q

lesions in area 39 (angular gyrus) are especially destructive resulting in?

A

alexia and agraphia

deficiency in reading and writing respectively

172
Q

what is the arcuate fasiculus?

A

a connection between wernicke’s area (22) and Broca’s area (44). a communication pathway oddly active when we use tools

173
Q

though taste reception is thought to be in multiple areas and little is nown of them, what area is thought to be mainly a gustatory area?

A

area 43 in the parietal operculum at the lateral extreme of the central sulcus

174
Q

we habve a average size nose capable of picking up how many scents?

175
Q

what type of cells are constantly being replaced?

A

stem cells also these stem cells are neurons

this is quite unusual….

176
Q

what sense is our first and remebered better than any other?

177
Q

interpretation of olfaction occurs where?

A

Bd# 34 in the uncus and area 28 in the parahippocampal gyrus of the temporal lobe

178
Q

what functions are typically lateralized to the left?

A 
speech
linear reasoning
grammar
vocabulary
tool use
sequential processing
179
Q

what functions are typically lateralized to the right?

A 
spatial manipulation
prosodic language
-facial expression
-intonation
singing
180
Q

caudate nucleus and putamen nucleus combined are called the?

A

neostriatum

181
Q

the caudate nucleus, putamen nucleus, and globus pallidus (paleostriatum) is known as the?

A

corpus striatum

182
Q

the caudate nucleus, putamen nucles, globus pallidus, and amygdaloid complex make up the?

A

Basal Ganglia

183
Q

the globus pallidus is also called the?

A

paleostriatum

184
Q

the archistriatum is also called the?

A

archistriatum

185
Q

putamen and globus pallidus together are also called the?

A

lenticular (lentiform) nucleus

186
Q

the claustrum may or may not be included by authors of text, as part of the basal ganglia.

A

this is a statement not a question

187
Q

striatal lesions normally lead to?

A

dyskinesia (muscle tone disturbances)

188
Q

when there are tremors in the digits and lips while at rest this is known as?

189
Q

when a tremor occurs during an action of voluntary muscles, it is usually a lesion where?

A

cerebellum

190
Q

describe huntington’s chorea?

A

results in brisk series of graceful involuntary movements of extremities, facial muscles, tongue

191
Q

in huntington’s chorea the corpus striatum begins in deteriorate and a genetic deficiency of?

192
Q

ballism can also occur from lesions in the _________ _________ which communicates with the subthalamic nucleus.

A

globus pallidus

193
Q

the corpus striatum play a major role in?

A

regulating movement

194
Q

the caudate nucleus is broken up into?

A

head
body
tail

195
Q

the head region of the caudate nucleus is continuous with the putamen nucleus by?

A

gray matter bridges

196
Q

afferent fibers synapse in the caudate from all lobes of the cortex and?

A

thalamus
substantia nigra
putamen

197
Q

efferent output fibers extend from the caudate to the?

A

putamen
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
thalamus

198
Q

what is the most lateral of the corpus striatal nuclei?

A

putamen nucleus (neostriatum)

199
Q

the putamen and caudate would not function properly when dopamine was not delievered from the?

A

substantia nigra

200
Q

afferent fibers from the putamen nucleus are the same as the?

A

caudate nucleus

the caudate also sends fiber sto the putamen

201
Q

what separates the globus pallidus into medial and lateral segments?

A

medial medullary lamina

202
Q

the lateral part of the globus is separated from the putamen from the putamen by the?

A

lateral medullary lamina

203
Q

afferent fibers of the globus pallidus are called?

A

pallidal fibers

204
Q

pallidal fibers include axons from the?

A

caudate nucleus
putamen nucleus
subthalamic nucleus

205
Q

efferent fibers of the globus pallidus are called the?

A

pallidalfugal fibers

206
Q

efferent fibers from the globus pallidus are quite complex and represent the primary outflow from the?

A

corpus striatum

most go to the anterior aspect of the thalamus

207
Q

the basal ganglia play a key role in what system?

A

extra-pyramidal system

208
Q

some would consider the basal ganglia a pre-motor influence or system since its input (via the thalamus) is primarily on?

A

cortical motor centers

also contributes to the brain’s ability to inhibit pain

209
Q

what are the fiber types in the white matter?

A

projection
commissural
association axon bundles (fasiculi)

210
Q

describe projection axons?

A

afferent and efferent

most travel in re corona radiata and internal capsule

211
Q

describe the commissural axons?

A 
Corpus Callosum (approx 300 mill neurons)
-only found in placental mammals
-maximum width of one inch, about 4 inches long
Parts include
-splenium
-body
-genu
-rostrum
-forceps anticus
-forceps posticus
-tapetum
212
Q

what axons are the most abundant part of the white matter?

A

association axon bundles (fasiculi)

213
Q

what type of fibers make up the association axon bundles?

A

short fibers

long fibers

214
Q

what is the purpose of the short fibers of the association axon bundles of the white matter?

A

connect adjacent or near gyri

-located just inward from the gray cortex

215
Q

what is the purpose of the long fibers of the association axon bundles of the white matter?

A

connect distal parts of the same hemisphere

216
Q

the inferior longitudinal fasiculus connect what?

A

between the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

217
Q

the superior longitudinal fasiculus connects what?

A

connects frontal, parietal and occipital lobe

218
Q

the cingulum located in the cingulate gyrus include important fibers between?

A

frontal, parietal, and hippocampal formations

Neuroanatomy 1 (7 decks)

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