Unit 5 neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
where the cranial nerve appears to be attached to the surface of the CNS is called the?
A
apparent origin
2
Q
the nucleus or nuclei that contribute motor fibers to the cranial nerve is known as?
A
nucleus of origin
3
Q
the nucleus or nuclei that receive incoming afferent input from the cranial nerve is called the?
A
nucleus of termination
4
Q
the myelencephalon gives rise to?
A
medulla oblongata
5
Q
the metencephalon gives rise to?
A
pons
cerebellum
6
Q
what is the center of control for respiration, cardiovascular function and swallowing?
A
medulla oblongata
7
Q
the functions of passive nerve conduction, relay nuclei, and cranial nerve nucleus are for what what structure?
A
medulla oblongata
8
Q
the medulla oblongata is ventral to the?
A
cerebellum
9
Q
the medulla oblongata is inferior to the?
A
pons
10
Q
the medulla oblongata is superior to the?
A
spinal cord
11
Q
the structure that is 2.5-3 cm long, widest superiorly, 1.25cm deep?
A
medulla oblongata
12
Q
what are the apparent origins of C.N 9,10,11?
A
near the posterolateral sulcus
13
Q
the apparent origin of C.N 6?
A
in the inferior pontine sulcus
14
Q
what is the apparent origin of C.N 7,8?
A
in the pontocerebellar angle
15
Q
what is the apparent origin of C.N 12?
A
in the ventrolateral sulcus
16
Q
the olive(inferior olivary nucleus) is the origin of what?
A
origin of the climbing fibers
17
Q
what is located in the ventrolateral aspect of the superior M.O?
A
inferior olivary nucleus
18
Q
fibers from the cord, red nucleus, midbrain, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and reticular formations go into what internal M.O structure?
A
inferior olivary nucleus
19
Q
what relays information into the cerebellum’s central nuclei and cortex?
A
inferior olivary nucleus
20
Q
the superior olivary nucleus located in the pons is __________ in function?
A
auditory in function
21
Q
what is the origin of the lateral reticulospinal tract?
A
reticular formation of the medulla oblongata
22
Q
what is the structure composed of a matrix of fibers (running in alll directions) and nuclei?
A
reticular formation
23
Q
the reticular formation of the M.O is continuous with the reticular formation of the?
A
cervical cord
pons
midbrain
diencephalon
24
Q
the structure that receives many diverse inputs and supplies many outputs; it is thought to control “general arousal” of activity states in the CNS.
A
reticular formation
25
what structure plays a role in wakefulness and all states of attention?
reticular formation
26
what is the structure inside the M.O that has an abundance of centers dealing with autonomic functions and somatic extrapyramidal actions?
reticular formation
27
what is found bilaterally on the ventromedial aspect along the entire length of the M.O?
pyramids
28
what fibers are located in the pyramids?
pyramidal fibers
29
what is the bilateral band of ascending fibers seen throughout the length of the M.O, Pons, Midbrain and terminating in the thalamus (VPL portion)?
medial lemniscus
30
what will enlarge dramatically half-way up the M.O as they receive about million internal arcuate fibers from the opposite nucleus gracilis and cuneatus?
medial lemniscus
31
all or some of what cranial nerves have nuclei located in the medulla oblongata?
5,7,8,9,10,11,12
32
what nucleus is parasympathetic control of ciliary and pupillary constrictor smooth muscles of the eye?
accessory oculomotor nucleus
| Edinger Westphal nucleus
33
what nucleus is somatic motor muscle control for four of the six extraocular eye muscles and upper eyelid (levator palpebrae superioris)
oculomotor nuclei
34
what nucleus somatic motor muscle control for the superior oblique extraocular eye muscle?
trochlear nucleus
35
what nucleus is proprioception from muscles of mastication and perhaps periodontial ligaments of the teeth
trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus
36
what nucleus is somatic motor to muscles of mastication (chewing). also tensor villi palatini, tensor tympani, anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid muslce?
trigeminal motor nucleus
37
what nucleus is somatic motor muscle control for the lateral rectus extraocular eye muscle?
abducens nucleus
38
what nucleus is most superficial somatic motor muscles of the scalp and face (muscles of facial expression). includes the posterior belly of the digastric m. and the platysma m.?
facial nucleus
39
what nucleus is parasympathetic control of the lacrimal (tear) glands, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
superior salivatory nucleus
40
what nucleus is parasympathetic control of parotid salivary gland?
inferior salivatory nucleus
41
what nucleus is equilibrium and hearing, respectively. these nuclei are complex and subdivided into parts
vestibular and cochlear nuclei
42
what nucleus is somatic motor muscle control for 16 of the 18 named tongue muscles?
hypoglossal nucleus
43
what nucleus is sensory and motor (parasympathetic) for organs supplied such as voice, heart, lung and intestines in cranial nerve 10?
dorsal nucleus of vagus
44
what nucleus is shared by nerves 9,10,11 for delivery of visceral efferent (motor) fibers to the pharynx musculature?
nucleus ambiguus
45
what is the nucleus for sensory reception via the 7,9,10 cranial nerves primarily dealing with taste from the tongue, palate, and pharynx?
nucleus solitarius
46
what is the nucleus that is the main sensory reception nucleus for the face dealing with pain, thermal, discriminative tactile and proprioception. the caudal section extends down to the C3-4 cord levels. C.N 7,9,10 also contribute here?
spinal trigeminal nucleus
or
nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract
47
what is the nucleus? somatic motor nucleus for movement of the important neck/head muscles called the sternocleidomastoids and trapezius. Most fibers originate in the upper five cervical cord levels and lower medulla oblongata?
spinal accessory nucleus
48
like the nucleus dorsalis of the cord, the spinal trigeminal nucleus is more like a long column of ____ _________, that extends from the pons down through the M.O and even into the C1-C4 cord levels.
cell bodies
49
which nucleus is a great sensory nucleus, particularly for thermal and pain reception from the face. It receives input primarily from the trigeminal (C.N 5) nerve but also from C.N's 7,9, and 10?
spinal trigeminal nucleus
50
what fibers run from the cerebral cortex to the M.O, where they then synapse? associated with cranial nerve 5,7,9-12.
corticobulbar fibers
51
what fasiculus is responsible for swallowing, chewing, synchronization of eye movement and maintaining equilibrium?
medial longitudinal fasiculus
52
what is the one pathology which requires specific attention from a chiropractic student?
lateral medullary stroke syndrome
or
wallenberg's stroke syndrome
53
the Pons contains nuclei for which cranial nerves?
5,6,7,8
54
what metencephalon derivative is responsible for fiber conduction, and is a relay center for fibers going into the cerebellum?
Pons
55
as with the M.O the pontine reticular formation is an important control center for what?
respiratory and cardiac control via the medial reticulospinal tracts.
56
sleep regulation may be near the pons in the?
Locus Ceruleus
57
the pons is located ventral to the?
cerebellum (4th ventricle)
58
the pons is located inferior to the?
midbrain (mesencephalon)
59
the pons is located superior to the?
medulla oblongata
60
what structure has a large ventral, and a basilar artery depression?
Pons
61
the dorsal part of the ____ forms part of the floor of the fourth ventricle called the rhomboid fossa?
Pons
62
the lateral aspect of what structure will show a huge middle cerebellar peduncle, and the apparent origin of cranial nerve 5 will be visible?
Pons
63
what is the dorsal division of the pons called?
tegmentum
64
what is the ventral division of the pons called?
basilar
65
what are the fibers that form the pyramids in the M.O and are found in the basilar division just off the ventral boundary?
corticospinal tract fibers
66
what three things are found in the basilar division of the pons?
corticospinal tract fibers
medial lemniscus
pontine nuclei
67
what are the small nuclei that are so numerous they create the ventral bulge of the pons, and relay input from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle?
pontine nuclei
68
what might you find in the tegmentum?
lateral lemniscus
cranial nerve nuclei
many tracts
pontine reticular formation
69
what can be found in the ventral most part of the tegmentum, and is an auditory pathway?
lateral lemniscus
70
the final interpretation of auditory input will reside where?
temporal lobe of the cerebrum
71
the part of the tegmentum that has axons contributed by two cochlear nuclei and the superior olivary nuclei?
lateral lemniscus
72
what pathway ascends to the diencephalon's medial geniculate body but many fibers terminate in the inferior colliculus of the midbrain?
lateral lemniscus
73
what metencephalon derivative rapidly integrates a host of sensory input information on the momentary status of muscle contraction, joint tension, visual and auditory input on equilibrium?
cerebellum
74
what structure aids and influences muscle tone, posture, and aids in skilled somatic muscle movements smooth and effective?
cerebellum
75
the cerebellar hemisphere influences which side of the body?
ipsilateral
76
the input from all CNS levels that the cerebellum receives is entirely?
subconscious
77
output from the __________ is indirect.
cerebellum, meaning it depends on something else to relay the info
Ex. left cerebellar hemi -> right red nucleus
left cerebellar hemi -> left vestibular nucleus
78
what is one of the cerebellum's great abilities?
compensation!
| makes that money!
79
the cerebellum is attached to the M.O via the?
inferior cerebellar peduncle
80
the cerebellum is attached to the pons via the?
middle cerebellar peduncle
81
the cerebellum is attached to the midbrain via the?
superior cerebellar peduncle
82
what is the peduncle fiber distribution of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
afferents dominate
| efferents are present
83
what is the peduncle fiber distribution of the middle cerebellar peduncle?
afferents only
84
what is the peduncle fiber distribution of the superior cerebellar peduncle?
afferents are present
| efferents are dominate
85
approximately 20% of all childhood brain tumors are?
medullablastomas
86
what arises in the superior medullary velum as well as the posterior part of the cerebellar vermis?
medullablastomas
87
what is the median subdivision of the cerebellum?
vermis
88
what is the lateral subdivisions of the cerebellum?
right and left hemispheres
89
what is the synonym for vestibulocerebellum?
archicerebellum
90
what is the lobe of the vestibulocerebellum?
flocculonodular
91
what is the input for the vestibulocerebellum?
vestibular nucleus
92
what are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum?
posture, equilibrium, balance
93
what is the synonym for spinocerebellum?
paleocerebellum
94
what are the lobes of the spinocerebellum?
anterior, vermis, medial posterior
95
what are the inputs for the spinocerebellum?
spinocerebellar
and
cuneocerebellar
96
what are the functions of the spinocerebellum?
muscle tone
and
trunk and limb movements
97
what is the synonym for cerebrocerebellum?
Neocerebellum
98
what are the lobes of the cerebrocerebellum?
lateral posterior
99
what are the inputs of the cerebrocerebellum?
cortico-pontocerebelar
100
functions of the cerebrocerebellar?
planning and coordination of skilled movement
101
the cerebellum has has an outer gray matter cortex; a mass of internal white matter and small islands of gray matter called the?
deep or central cerebellar nuclei
102
the white matter of the internal cerebellum is collectively referred to as?
corpus medullare
103
the white matter of the internal cerebellum is naturally continuous with?
the six cerebellar peduncles
| 3 Pairs
104
afferent projection fibers, efferent projection fibers, commissural fibers, and association fibers primarily make up what?
the internal white matter of the cerebellum
105
what four types of of fibers primarily make up the internal white matter of the cerebellum
afferent projection fibers
efferent projection fibers
commissural fibers
association fibers
106
extensions of white matter toward the periphery (cortex) appear as a branching tree known as?
arbor vitae
| tree of life
107
the structure that is most apparent in a sagittal cut through the vermis?
arbor vitae
108
isolated in the white matter of the internal cerebellum are four pairs of nuclei called what?
deep or central cerebellar nuclei
109
what are the external features of the cerebellar cortical gray matter?
fissures
sulci
folia (not gyrus)
110
the gray cortex is fairly uniform as to depth and ______________.
cytoarchitecture
111
what are the 6 most common neuron cell types in the cerebellar cortical gray matter?
```
glial cells
purkinje neurons
Golgi 2 neurons
stellate neurons
basket neurons
granular neurons
```
112
the outer laminae of the cerebellar cortical gray matter is known as the __________ layer?
molecular
113
the middle laminae of the cerebellar cortical gray matter is known as the __________ layer>
purkinje cell body layer
114
the inner laminae of the cerebellar cortical gray matter is known as the ____________ layer.
granular layer
115
what are the fibers taking messages away from the cerebellar cortex?
purkinje fibers
116
stellate neuron cells can be found in what layer of the cerebellar cortical gray matter?
molecular layer/outer laminae
117
the purkinje cell layer is composed of approximately how many purkinje neuron cell bodies?
30 million
118
what are the cell bodies that are large (50 microns) and flask shaped?
purkinje cells
119
the dendrites of what neuron cells can extend up into the molecular layer, with a single cell possibly having over 150,000 branches?
purkinje cells
| some branches are smooth and others are spined.
120
the dendritic branches of what cell type has smooth and spined branches?
purkinje cells
121
what are the only efferent fibers from the cerebellar cortex?
myelinated purkinje axons
122
most of the myelinated purkinje axons terminate in the?
deep central cerebellar nuclei
123
although most of the myelinated purkinje axons terminate in the deep central cerebellar nuclei, some bypass to end in?
deiter's portion of the vestibular nucleus
124
what is the inhibitory neurotransmitter released by the purkinje axon to its target sites?
GABA
125
what is the layer named for the abundance of small granular neurons that are present?
granular layer....
| hope no one missed that one
126
densities of the granular neuron concentration is how many per mm3?
3-7 million
127
granular cells are stimulated by incoming?
mossy fibers
128
the axon from each granular cell ascends into the ____________ layer where it bifuricates and makes synapse?
molecular layer
129
the granular cells ascend into the molecular layer and synapses with what branches of the pukinje fibers?
the spined branches
130
what is the neurotransmitter of the granular neurons?
glutamate
131
what is the brains most abundant neurochemical?
glutamate
132
what are the three cell types that form a complex back circuitry?
Golgi 2
basket
stellate
we do not need to know this...
133
what were the two fiber types that reach the cerebellar cortex?
mossy fibers
| climbing fibers
134
what are the fibers that mostly originate from the spinocerebellar and corticopontocerebellar sources?
```
mossy fibers
very numerous (much more than climbing fibers)
```
135
what are the excitatory fiber that synapse with granular cell dendrites?
mossy fibers
136
the purkinje cell axons influence (inhibit) the?
deep central cerebellar nuclei
137
if the purkinje cell is not excited (firing), then the inhibitory results are?
minimal
| GABA is the neurotransmitter
138
what are the extremely excitatory fibers reaching the Purkinje cells _______ dendritic branches directly>
smooth dendritic branches
139
what fibers generally originate in the inferior olivary nucleus, though the pontine nuclei and reticular cells may also contribute?
climbing fibers
140
what is the neurotransmitter involved with the climbing fibers?
Aspartate
141
climbing and mossy fibers bring excitatory outside input to the cortex of the?
cerebellum
142
the excitatory input to the cortex of the cerebellum is integrated through which neuron cell types?
```
granular
Golgi 2
basket
stellate
purkinje
```
143
information leaves the cerebellar cortex through the?
purkinje axons
144
what is the major target for the inhibitory outflow of the purkinje axons?
deep or central cerebellar nuclei
| then they influence the brain stem
145
what is the set of four nuclei that exists deep in the white matter of each hemisphere?
deep or central cerebellar nuclei
146
the dentate, emboliform, globose, and fastigial are what?
central cerebellar nuclei
147
what are the four central cerebellar nuclei?
dentate
emboliform
globose
fastigial
148
what is the largest and most lateral central cerebellar nuclei?
Dentate
149
what two central cerebellar nuclei are collectively referred to as the interposed nuclei?
emboliform
| globose
150
what is the most primitive, smallest and medial central cerebellar nuclei?
fastigial
151
name the central cerebellar nuclei in order from most lateral to medial
dentate
emboliform
globose
fastigial
152
name the cerebellar nuclei from smallest to largest?
fastigial
globose
emboliform
dentate
153
purkinje fibers from the cortex of the vestibulocerebellum goes to what nucleus?
vestibular nucleus
154
the purkinje axons from the cortex of the spinocerebellum go to what nuclei?
interposed nucleus
| fastigial nucleus
155
the purkinje axons from the cortex of the cerebrocerebellum go to what nucleus?
Dentate nucleus
156
axons from outside the cerebellum go directly (or drop off collaterals) to where?
deep cerebellar nuclei
157
inferior olive sends excitatory input to which central cerebellar nuclei?
all of them
158
fibers from what nucleus exits the inferior cerebellar peduncles to terminate in the vestibular nucleus, reticular formation and nuclei for cranial nerves 3,4, and 5?
fastigial nucleus
| this path is known as the efferent cerebellar outflow
159
axons from what nucleus generally extends to the red nucleus and reticular formations via the superior cerebellar peduncles?
```
interposed nucleus
(this path is known as the efferent cerebellar outflow)
```
160
the axons of what nucleus generally reach the thalamus with collateral branches being sent to the red nucleus. (once again via the superior cerebellar peduncles)
dentate
