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Neuroanatomy 1 > unit 6 with a touch of 7 > Flashcards

unit 6 with a touch of 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what reflexes are controlled by the tectum?

A

visual and auditory

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2
Q

what is on the left of tectum?

A

auditory

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3
Q

what reflex is on the right side of tectum?

A

visual

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4
Q

what are the bumps on the medial side of thalamus?

A

medial geniculate bodies

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5
Q

what are the bumps on the lateral side of the thalamus?

A

lateral geniculate bodies

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6
Q

what is the bundle of fibers entering into the thalamus?

A

lateral lemniscus

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7
Q

where do most of the fibers of the lateral lemniscus go?

A

medial geniculate bodies

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8
Q

after the majority of lateral lemniscus fibers synapse in the lateral lemniscus it goes where?

A

temporal lobe for interp

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9
Q

some of the lateral lemniscus fibers g where?

A

tectum to inferior colliculus then to superior colliculus

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10
Q

auditory information from the superior colliculus then goes to where?

A

descends to SCM then tectospinal tract for reflex and termination

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11
Q

optic tract synapses into lateral geniculutae body and from there get relayed where?

A

occipital lobe

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12
Q

some of the optic tract fibers bypass the lateral genicularte body and go where?

A

superior colliculus then same path as auditory information. into SCM and tecto no further down than C4 level

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13
Q

lesions of the tectum do not impair what?

A

voluntary eye movement they only impair interpretation of motion

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14
Q

cerebral peduncles are located where?

A

ventral to the cerebral aqueduct

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15
Q

red nucleus, substantia nigra and crus cerebri make up whta?

A

cerebral peduncles

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16
Q

in gray matter surrounding cerebral aqueduct we find?

A

origin of CN 3 and 4

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17
Q

the red nucleus is not part of what formation?

A

reticulatar formation

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18
Q

the superior part of red nucleus extends into?

A

subthalamic

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19
Q

it is divided into an inferior large cell area called?

A

magnocellular

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20
Q

and highly vascular superior area called?

A

parvocelular

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21
Q

most rubrospinal fibers originate in what part of red nucleus?

A

magnocellular

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22
Q

the magnacellular is smaller in?

A

humans

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23
Q

wher efo fibers come from that enter red nucleus?

A

central cerebellar nuclei

cerebral cortex

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24
Q

what is the function of red nucleus?

A

contralateral motor repsonses for posture control and muscle tone control primarily in flexor musculature

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25
Q

where is substantia nigra located?

A

between tegmentum and crus

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26
Q

what is the function of substantia nigra?

A

does shit with dopamine

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27
Q

what is large and extends into the subthalamus of diencephalon?

A

substantia nigra

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28
Q

the substantia nigra is found only in?

A

mammals

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29
Q

afferent and efferent exchanged between?

A

caudate and putamen

2 of basal ganglia

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30
Q

information goes which way in sub nig?

A

both ways

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31
Q

what gives sub nig its black color?

A

melanin

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32
Q

melanin is present/neccessary in cells that secrete?

A

dopamine

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33
Q

functional considerations of parkinson?

A

lots

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34
Q

what is crus cerebri composed of?

A

descending pyramidal axons from cerebral cortex
corticospinal- to cord
corticopont- to pons
corticobulb- to M.O
corticomesen- term on nuc. for C.N 3,4 to initiate voluntary eye movement

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35
Q

the tectum is the roof of what structure?

A

roof of the midbrain

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36
Q

the tectum is posterior to what?

A

cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

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37
Q

the tectum is composed of a quadrigeminal plate made up of what?

A

four collicular bodies

inferior and superior

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38
Q

the cerebral aqueduct of sylvius is a channel for CSF exchange between what two structures?

A

third and fourth ventricles

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39
Q

the cerebral aqueduct is surrounded by what?

A

periaqueductual gray substance

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40
Q

nuclei for which cranial nerves can be found in or near the periaqueductual gray substance?

A

cranial nerves 3 and 4

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41
Q

what else can be found in the periaqueductual gray substance?

A

endorphins and enkephalins

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42
Q

the cerebral peduncles are ________ to the cerebral aqueduct?

A

ventral

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43
Q

the cerebral peduncles include what three areas?

A 
tegmentum (just ventral to aqueduct)
substantia nigra (toward the middle)
Crus cerebri (ventral and lateral aspect)
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44
Q

in relation to fibers, which is the smallest cranial nerve?

A

4 trochlear

2100-2300 fibers

45
Q

which cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle of the extraocular eye muscle?

A

CN4 trochlear

46
Q

which cranial nerve has an apparent origin unquely out of the mid-dorsal aspect just inferior to the inferior colliculus?

A

cranial nerve 4 trochlear

47
Q

when do the fibers of the trochlear nucleus cross over?

A

they cross over as they exit the CNS

48
Q

which cranial nerve has the apparent origin, ventral from the interpeduncular fossa (into the cistern)?

A

cranial nerve 3

oculomotor nerve

49
Q

the six oculomotor nuclei of origin are located where?

A

periaqueductual gray substance area

50
Q

what are the four muscles that the oculomotor cranial nerve innervates?

A

superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique

51
Q

what nucleus contributes preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to C.N 3?

A

Edinger-Westphals (accessory oculomotor) nucleus of the midbrain

52
Q

the fibers contributed from the accessory oculomotor innervates the smooth musculature of what?

A

ciliary process allowing for lens accomodation.

they also innervate the iris musculature causing pupil constriction

53
Q

the levator palpebrae muscle is innervated from which nerve?

A

cranial nerve 3

oculomotor

54
Q

how many bumps exist in the mammilian tectum?

A

four

55
Q

what are the four bumps on the mammilian tectum called?

A

superior and inferior colliculus

56
Q

what do the superior colliculi deal with?

A

visual reflexes

57
Q

what does the inferior colliculi deal with?

A

auditory reflexes

58
Q

both sets of colliculi utilize which tract for their protective reflexes?

A

tectospinal

59
Q

the tectospinal tract influences the neurons in the upper cervical through which cranial nerve?

A

11

spinal accessory

60
Q

lesions of the oculomotor nerve doesnt impair voluntary eye movements but does?

A

impair our perception of motion of objects in the field of view

61
Q

the tegmentum of the cerebral peduncles is located where?

A

just ventral cerebral aqueduct

62
Q

the reticular formation of the midbrain is located where?

A

tegmentun of cerebral peduncles

63
Q

the tegmentum of the cerebral peduncles is where the periaqueductual gray substance is located. what cranial nerve have an apparent origin located here?

A

Cn 3 an 4

64
Q

the red nucleus is located where?

A

red nucleus

65
Q

the red nucleus is primarily n the midbrain but the superior part extends into what?

A

diencephalon’s subthalamic region

66
Q

the red nucleus is divided into what two areas?

A

inferior large cell area called (magnocellular area)

superior- highly vascular area (Parvorcellular area)

67
Q

most rubrospinal tract fibers originate in what part of the red nucleus?

A

originate in the magnocellular are of midbrain

68
Q

input fibers come to the red nucleus from what two places?

A
  • the central cerebellar nuclei (except fastigial)

- cerebral cortex

69
Q

contralateral motor responses necessary for postural control and muscle tone control primarily in flexor musculature is the function of what nucleus and tract?

A

red nucleus

rubrospinal tract

70
Q

where is the substanitia nigra located?

A

between the tegmentum and crus

71
Q

the substantia nigra is also very large and extends into what?

A

subthalamus of the diencephalon

72
Q

what is the black substance only found in mammals and has greatest development in man?

A

substantia nigra

73
Q

what gives the substantia nigra its black appearance?

A

melanin

74
Q

afferent and efferent fibers of the substantia nigra are exchanged between the telencephalon’s __________ and _________ nuclei.

A

caudate and putamen

75
Q

what two nuclei make up most of the corpus striatum or basal ganglia of the cerebrum?

A

caudate and putamen nuclei of the telencephalon

76
Q

parkinson’s disease was first called what, by john hunter?

A

paralysis agitans in 1768

77
Q

what are the parkinson’s symptoms that occurs in 95% of victims?

A

shaking of the digits, hands, and tongue, at REST

78
Q

what are some “other” symptoms of parkinson’s disease?

A

odd postures (flexing forward)
pain
shuffling gait
loss of speech

79
Q

parkinson’s disease is blamed on environmental factors and is associated with a drop in what chemical made in the substantia nigra?

A

dopamine

80
Q

what aspect of the cerebral peduncle is the crus cerebri located?

A

ventrolateral aspect

81
Q

the crus cerebri is composed of what 4 main descending tracts?

A

corticospinal (to the cord)
corticopontine (to the pons)
corticobulbar (to M.O)
corticomesencephalic

82
Q

the axons of the corticomesencephalic tract terminate on C.N nuclei 3 and 4 to intiate what?

A

voluntary movements of the eyes

83
Q

what are the major subdivisions of the diencephalon?

A 
third ventricle
epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
84
Q

prosencephalon is the most significant sensory relay center, dealing with every sense except?

A

olfaction

85
Q

the prosencephalon is a significant center for control of __________ and __________ functions.

A

autonomic and endocrine

86
Q

the epithalamus is located where in relation to the midbrain tectum?

A

superior to the tectum

87
Q

the epithalamus includes what structures worth noting?

A

pineal gland and posterior commissure

88
Q

the pineal gland is also known as the?

A

epiphysis cerebri

89
Q

the pineal gland is filled with highly modified neurons called?

A

pineal or epiphyseal cells

90
Q

the pineal gland has numerous fenestrated vascular capillary beds as well as?

A

glial support cells

91
Q

what is brain sand inside the pineal gland?

A

calcifications that have accumulated with age

92
Q

do pineal gland tumors occur?

A

yes

hard to remove (only 1% of brain tumors)

93
Q

the pineal gland is built like an endocrine gland with fenestrated capillaries (no BBB) and secretes what?

A

melatonin
seratonin
norepinephrine
(active late night 2-4 am)

94
Q

the pineal gland is not sensitive to light directly, but through a pathway originating in the retina and synapses where? allows for light based regulation.

A

hypothalamus

specifically the suprachiasmatic nucleus

95
Q

melatonin levels appear to be a function of the _____________ cycle, not a controller of it.

A

circadial cycle

96
Q

what is SAD

A

seasonal affective disorder

about 1 in 20 affected in US and canada

97
Q

what is the small but identifiable commisure just superior to the midbrain tectum?

A

posterior commissure

98
Q

pupillary light reflex fibers and nuclei are located where?

A

posterior commissure

99
Q

just anterior and inferior to the posterior commissure is a small structure called what?

A

subcommissural organ

100
Q

what “organ” might produce aldosterone and is primarily composed of specialized ependymal cells?

A

subcommissural organ

101
Q

what is the largest of all nuclei in the CNS?

A

thalamus

102
Q

though the medial and lateral geniculate bodies are included in the thalamus they are often classified separately as the?

A

metathalamus

103
Q

what exists in a position upon which the cerebral hemispheres seem to be sitting? synonymous with couch

A

thalamus

104
Q

the thalamus is a single structure composed of two large ovoid masses of?

A

gray matter

each about 4 cm long

105
Q

the two large ovoid masses of the thalamus are joined together by?

A

Massa intermedia
OR
interthalamic adhesion
this bridge is composed of gray matter but is occasionally missing

106
Q

what forms the bulk of the side (lateral) walls of the third ventricle?

A

thalamus

107
Q

what is lateral to each thalamic mass?

A

posterior limb of the internal capsule

108
Q

i just realized i have been writing unit 7 notes into unit 6 topic…

A

to be continued in the proper unit 7 subject!

109
Q

fuck you

A

get back on task

Neuroanatomy 1 (7 decks)

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