unit 6 with a touch of 7 Flashcards
1
Q
what reflexes are controlled by the tectum?
A
visual and auditory
2
Q
what is on the left of tectum?
A
auditory
3
Q
what reflex is on the right side of tectum?
A
visual
4
Q
what are the bumps on the medial side of thalamus?
A
medial geniculate bodies
5
Q
what are the bumps on the lateral side of the thalamus?
A
lateral geniculate bodies
6
Q
what is the bundle of fibers entering into the thalamus?
A
lateral lemniscus
7
Q
where do most of the fibers of the lateral lemniscus go?
A
medial geniculate bodies
8
Q
after the majority of lateral lemniscus fibers synapse in the lateral lemniscus it goes where?
A
temporal lobe for interp
9
Q
some of the lateral lemniscus fibers g where?
A
tectum to inferior colliculus then to superior colliculus
10
Q
auditory information from the superior colliculus then goes to where?
A
descends to SCM then tectospinal tract for reflex and termination
11
Q
optic tract synapses into lateral geniculutae body and from there get relayed where?
A
occipital lobe
12
Q
some of the optic tract fibers bypass the lateral genicularte body and go where?
A
superior colliculus then same path as auditory information. into SCM and tecto no further down than C4 level
13
Q
lesions of the tectum do not impair what?
A
voluntary eye movement they only impair interpretation of motion
14
Q
cerebral peduncles are located where?
A
ventral to the cerebral aqueduct
15
Q
red nucleus, substantia nigra and crus cerebri make up whta?
A
cerebral peduncles
16
Q
in gray matter surrounding cerebral aqueduct we find?
A
origin of CN 3 and 4
17
Q
the red nucleus is not part of what formation?
A
reticulatar formation
18
Q
the superior part of red nucleus extends into?
A
subthalamic
19
Q
it is divided into an inferior large cell area called?
A
magnocellular
20
Q
and highly vascular superior area called?
A
parvocelular
21
Q
most rubrospinal fibers originate in what part of red nucleus?
A
magnocellular
22
Q
the magnacellular is smaller in?
A
humans
23
Q
wher efo fibers come from that enter red nucleus?
A
central cerebellar nuclei
cerebral cortex
24
Q
what is the function of red nucleus?
A
contralateral motor repsonses for posture control and muscle tone control primarily in flexor musculature
25
where is substantia nigra located?
between tegmentum and crus
26
what is the function of substantia nigra?
does shit with dopamine
27
what is large and extends into the subthalamus of diencephalon?
substantia nigra
28
the substantia nigra is found only in?
mammals
29
afferent and efferent exchanged between?
caudate and putamen
| 2 of basal ganglia
30
information goes which way in sub nig?
both ways
31
what gives sub nig its black color?
melanin
32
melanin is present/neccessary in cells that secrete?
dopamine
33
functional considerations of parkinson?
lots
34
what is crus cerebri composed of?
descending pyramidal axons from cerebral cortex
corticospinal- to cord
corticopont- to pons
corticobulb- to M.O
corticomesen- term on nuc. for C.N 3,4 to initiate voluntary eye movement
35
the tectum is the roof of what structure?
roof of the midbrain
36
the tectum is posterior to what?
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
37
the tectum is composed of a quadrigeminal plate made up of what?
four collicular bodies
| inferior and superior
38
the cerebral aqueduct of sylvius is a channel for CSF exchange between what two structures?
third and fourth ventricles
39
the cerebral aqueduct is surrounded by what?
periaqueductual gray substance
40
nuclei for which cranial nerves can be found in or near the periaqueductual gray substance?
cranial nerves 3 and 4
41
what else can be found in the periaqueductual gray substance?
endorphins and enkephalins
42
the cerebral peduncles are ________ to the cerebral aqueduct?
ventral
43
the cerebral peduncles include what three areas?
```
tegmentum (just ventral to aqueduct)
substantia nigra (toward the middle)
Crus cerebri (ventral and lateral aspect)
```
44
in relation to fibers, which is the smallest cranial nerve?
4 trochlear
| 2100-2300 fibers
45
which cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle of the extraocular eye muscle?
CN4 trochlear
46
which cranial nerve has an apparent origin unquely out of the mid-dorsal aspect just inferior to the inferior colliculus?
cranial nerve 4 trochlear
47
when do the fibers of the trochlear nucleus cross over?
they cross over as they exit the CNS
48
which cranial nerve has the apparent origin, ventral from the interpeduncular fossa (into the cistern)?
cranial nerve 3
| oculomotor nerve
49
the six oculomotor nuclei of origin are located where?
periaqueductual gray substance area
50
what are the four muscles that the oculomotor cranial nerve innervates?
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique
51
what nucleus contributes preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to C.N 3?
Edinger-Westphals (accessory oculomotor) nucleus of the midbrain
52
the fibers contributed from the accessory oculomotor innervates the smooth musculature of what?
ciliary process allowing for lens accomodation.
| they also innervate the iris musculature causing pupil constriction
53
the levator palpebrae muscle is innervated from which nerve?
cranial nerve 3
| oculomotor
54
how many bumps exist in the mammilian tectum?
four
55
what are the four bumps on the mammilian tectum called?
superior and inferior colliculus
56
what do the superior colliculi deal with?
visual reflexes
57
what does the inferior colliculi deal with?
auditory reflexes
58
both sets of colliculi utilize which tract for their protective reflexes?
tectospinal
59
the tectospinal tract influences the neurons in the upper cervical through which cranial nerve?
11
| spinal accessory
60
lesions of the oculomotor nerve doesnt impair voluntary eye movements but does?
impair our perception of motion of objects in the field of view
61
the tegmentum of the cerebral peduncles is located where?
just ventral cerebral aqueduct
62
the reticular formation of the midbrain is located where?
tegmentun of cerebral peduncles
63
the tegmentum of the cerebral peduncles is where the periaqueductual gray substance is located. what cranial nerve have an apparent origin located here?
Cn 3 an 4
64
the red nucleus is located where?
red nucleus
65
the red nucleus is primarily n the midbrain but the superior part extends into what?
diencephalon's subthalamic region
66
the red nucleus is divided into what two areas?
inferior large cell area called (magnocellular area)
| superior- highly vascular area (Parvorcellular area)
67
most rubrospinal tract fibers originate in what part of the red nucleus?
originate in the magnocellular are of midbrain
68
input fibers come to the red nucleus from what two places?
- the central cerebellar nuclei (except fastigial)
| - cerebral cortex
69
contralateral motor responses necessary for postural control and muscle tone control primarily in flexor musculature is the function of what nucleus and tract?
red nucleus
| rubrospinal tract
70
where is the substanitia nigra located?
between the tegmentum and crus
71
the substantia nigra is also very large and extends into what?
subthalamus of the diencephalon
72
what is the black substance only found in mammals and has greatest development in man?
substantia nigra
73
what gives the substantia nigra its black appearance?
melanin
74
afferent and efferent fibers of the substantia nigra are exchanged between the telencephalon's __________ and _________ nuclei.
caudate and putamen
75
what two nuclei make up most of the corpus striatum or basal ganglia of the cerebrum?
caudate and putamen nuclei of the telencephalon
76
parkinson's disease was first called what, by john hunter?
paralysis agitans in 1768
77
what are the parkinson's symptoms that occurs in 95% of victims?
shaking of the digits, hands, and tongue, at REST
78
what are some "other" symptoms of parkinson's disease?
odd postures (flexing forward)
pain
shuffling gait
loss of speech
79
parkinson's disease is blamed on environmental factors and is associated with a drop in what chemical made in the substantia nigra?
dopamine
80
what aspect of the cerebral peduncle is the crus cerebri located?
ventrolateral aspect
81
the crus cerebri is composed of what 4 main descending tracts?
corticospinal (to the cord)
corticopontine (to the pons)
corticobulbar (to M.O)
corticomesencephalic
82
the axons of the corticomesencephalic tract terminate on C.N nuclei 3 and 4 to intiate what?
voluntary movements of the eyes
83
what are the major subdivisions of the diencephalon?
```
third ventricle
epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
```
84
prosencephalon is the most significant sensory relay center, dealing with every sense except?
olfaction
85
the prosencephalon is a significant center for control of __________ and __________ functions.
autonomic and endocrine
86
the epithalamus is located where in relation to the midbrain tectum?
superior to the tectum
87
the epithalamus includes what structures worth noting?
pineal gland and posterior commissure
88
the pineal gland is also known as the?
epiphysis cerebri
89
the pineal gland is filled with highly modified neurons called?
pineal or epiphyseal cells
90
the pineal gland has numerous fenestrated vascular capillary beds as well as?
glial support cells
91
what is brain sand inside the pineal gland?
calcifications that have accumulated with age
92
do pineal gland tumors occur?
yes
| hard to remove (only 1% of brain tumors)
93
the pineal gland is built like an endocrine gland with fenestrated capillaries (no BBB) and secretes what?
melatonin
seratonin
norepinephrine
(active late night 2-4 am)
94
the pineal gland is not sensitive to light directly, but through a pathway originating in the retina and synapses where? allows for light based regulation.
hypothalamus
| specifically the suprachiasmatic nucleus
95
melatonin levels appear to be a function of the _____________ cycle, not a controller of it.
circadial cycle
96
what is SAD
seasonal affective disorder
| about 1 in 20 affected in US and canada
97
what is the small but identifiable commisure just superior to the midbrain tectum?
posterior commissure
98
pupillary light reflex fibers and nuclei are located where?
posterior commissure
99
just anterior and inferior to the posterior commissure is a small structure called what?
subcommissural organ
100
what "organ" might produce aldosterone and is primarily composed of specialized ependymal cells?
subcommissural organ
101
what is the largest of all nuclei in the CNS?
thalamus
102
though the medial and lateral geniculate bodies are included in the thalamus they are often classified separately as the?
metathalamus
103
what exists in a position upon which the cerebral hemispheres seem to be sitting? synonymous with couch
thalamus
104
the thalamus is a single structure composed of two large ovoid masses of?
gray matter
| each about 4 cm long
105
the two large ovoid masses of the thalamus are joined together by?
Massa intermedia
OR
interthalamic adhesion
this bridge is composed of gray matter but is occasionally missing
106
what forms the bulk of the side (lateral) walls of the third ventricle?
thalamus
107
what is lateral to each thalamic mass?
posterior limb of the internal capsule
108
i just realized i have been writing unit 7 notes into unit 6 topic...
to be continued in the proper unit 7 subject!
109
fuck you
get back on task
