Unit 7 Flashcards
What is pulmonary ventilation?
The act of breathing.
Define inspiration.
Inhalation.
Define expiration.
Exhalation.
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
What is minute respiratory volume (MRV)?
The total volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one minute.
What muscles are primarily responsible for quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostals.
What occurs during quiet expiration?
It is a passive event that does not rely on muscle contraction.
What are accessory muscles?
Additional muscles recruited during forced inhalation and forced exhalation.
List the accessory muscles involved in forced inhalation.
- Pectoralis minor
- Pectoralis major
- Erector spinae
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Serratus anterior
What is the role of abdominal muscles during forceful exhalation?
They contract to compress the ribcage quickly, forcing air out of the lungs.
What is the primary nerve that innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve.
How does the respiratory system regulate blood pH?
By excreting carbon dioxide during exhalation.
What is acidosis?
A condition where blood pH drops below 7.35.
What are the normal blood pH and PaCO2 ranges?
pH: 7.35 to 7.45; PaCO2: 35 to 45 mmHg.
What happens during respiratory alkalosis?
Blood pH increases above 7.45.
What is the bicarbonate buffer system formula?
CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+.
What indicates full compensation in acid-base balance?
Blood pH levels are in the normal range while PaCO2 and HCO3- are out of normal range.
What is the function of a spirometer?
To measure lung volumes and capacities.
What is the difference between restrictive and obstructive lung diseases?
Restrictive limits lung expansion; obstructive limits airflow.
Fill in the blank: The average range for HCO3- is _______.
22 mEq/L to 26 mEq/L.
True or False: Quiet expiration relies on muscle contraction.
False.
What does hyperventilation do to blood pH?
Raises blood pH by decreasing hydrogen ions.
What is the condition called when blood pH levels remain out of range with no compensation?
Uncompensated.
What is the primary role of the respiratory system in acid-base balance?
Maintaining normal blood pH.
What is forced expiration?
A voluntary process that requires muscular contraction to expel air forcefully.
List the three important groups of abdominal muscles involved with forceful exhalation.
- Rectus abdominis
- External obliques
- Internal obliques
What is the typical response of the body to an acid/base imbalance?
Compensation.
What is the combined amount of air inhaled during normal breathing and additional air inhaled and exhaled called?
Lung volumes
This includes tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
What are spirometers used for in a clinical setting?
To measure lung volumes and determine disease states
This includes identifying restrictive or obstructive lung diseases, assessing medication effectiveness, and evaluating lung function for surgery.
What is tidal volume (TV)?
The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in one breath during normal quiet breathing.
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
The maximum amount of air that a person can inspire beyond a normal quiet inhalation.
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
The maximum amount of air that may be voluntarily expired after a normal quiet exhalation.
What is residual volume (RV)?
The amount of air that remains in the lungs to prevent collapse and allow gas exchange.
How is residual volume typically calculated?
Using methods such as plethysmography or gas dilution technique.
What is vital capacity (VC)?
The sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
What is total lung capacity (TLC)?
The sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
What do deviations in vital capacity or total lung capacity indicate?
Possible restrictive or obstructive lung diseases.
What characterizes restrictive lung diseases?
Inability of the lungs to fully expand, often due to damaged lung tissue.
What happens to vital capacity and total lung capacity in restrictive lung diseases?
Both are lower in individuals with conditions like tuberculosis and pulmonary fibrosis.
What defines obstructive lung diseases?
Obstruction in the lungs, often due to inflammation or increased mucus.
What is forced expiratory volume (FEVT)?
The volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one second.
What percentage of total vital capacity should a healthy person exhale in one second?
80%.
What is minute respiratory volume (MRV)?
The volume of air moving in and out of the lungs in one minute.
How is minute respiratory volume calculated?
By multiplying the respiratory rate by tidal volume.
What is the average healthy respiratory rate?
About twelve breaths per minute.
What is the role of pulse oximeters?
To measure the oxygen saturation of blood.
What factors can affect pulse oximeter readings?
Variables such as nail polish, temperature, and blood flow.
What happens to blood oxygen levels during exercise?
They typically increase due to higher demand for oxygen.
What is one method to test blood oxygen levels during activities?
Using a pulse oximeter before and after exercise.
What limitations exist for pulse oximeters?
Factors like poor circulation and skin pigmentation can affect accuracy.
What is the significance of measuring blood gas results?
To determine if a patient is in acidosis, alkalosis, or normal condition.
What is the difference between respiratory and metabolic imbalances?
Respiratory imbalances are due to lung function, while metabolic imbalances relate to metabolic processes.
What does a pH level of 7.5 indicate?
Alkalosis.
What does a pH level of 7.37 indicate?
Acidosis.
What does a pH level of 7.41 indicate?
Normal.
