Unit 5 Flashcards
What are the four elastic arteries of the systemic circuit?
- Ascending aorta
- Aortic arch
- Thoracic aorta
- Abdominal aorta
These arteries are characterized by their elasticity, allowing them to accommodate the surge of blood from the heart.
What is the function of the common iliac artery?
Moves blood towards the pelvic body cavity and lower limb
It branches into the internal and external iliac arteries.
What does the femoral artery supply?
Acts as a conducting artery for blood to lower limb
It branches into the deep femoral artery, which supplies thigh tissues.
What is the main function of the deep femoral artery?
Delivers blood to most thigh tissues
It supplies muscles such as the hamstrings and quadriceps.
Fill in the blank: The _______ artery supplies the anterior tibialis muscle.
Anterior tibial artery
This artery branches from the popliteal artery.
True or False: The popliteal vein merges with the anterior tibial vein to form the femoral vein.
False
The popliteal vein is formed by the merging of the anterior tibial vein and posterior tibial vein.
What are the two major superficial veins in the lower body?
- Great saphenous vein
- Small saphenous vein
The great saphenous vein is the longest vein in the human body.
What is the function of the umbilical vein in fetal circulation?
Receives oxygen nutrient-rich blood from the mother
It is part of the umbilical cord.
What are the three shunts involved in fetal circulation?
- Ductus venosus
- Foramen ovale
- Ductus arteriosus
These shunts redirect blood away from non-functioning organs in the fetus.
What does the ductus arteriosus connect?
The pulmonary trunk to the aorta
This connection allows blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation.
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
- Picking up excess fluid in tissues
- Monitoring for pathogens
- Picking up lipids absorbed in the small intestines
These functions help maintain fluid balance and immune response.
What is lymph?
Fluid that travels through lymphatic vessels
Lymph is derived from interstitial fluid.
Fill in the blank: Lymphatic capillaries are permeable due to overlapping _______.
squamous cells
This structure allows lymphatic capillaries to absorb excess fluid.
What are lymphatic trunks?
Larger vessels that drain fluid from various regions in the body
They merge to form the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
What does the right lymphatic duct drain?
Lymph from the right upper quadrant of the body
It is one of the two major lymphatic ducts.
Compare and contrast whole blood, plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph.
Whole blood contains red blood cells, plasma, and leukocytes; plasma is mostly water with proteins; interstitial fluid surrounds tissue cells; lymph is interstitial fluid in lymphatic vessels
The composition of each varies based on location in the body.
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Monitor for pathogens
They contain high numbers of leukocytes.
What helps move lymph within lymphatic collecting vessels?
Skeletal muscle contractions and pulsating blood flowing in adjacent arteries
These actions facilitate the movement of lymph through the vessels.
What are the two lymphatic ducts?
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
These ducts are responsible for draining lymph back into the bloodstream.
What does the thoracic duct drain?
Body tissues below the diaphragm and above the diaphragm on the left side
It also collects fluid from the cisterna chyli.
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Cleanse lymph of pathogens and debris
They contain lymphocytes and macrophages for immune response.
What regions of the body have a high abundance of lymph nodes?
Neck, armpits, and groin regions
These areas are strategic for monitoring lymphatic fluid.
What are the two regions found in lymph nodes?
Cortex and medulla
The cortex contains lymphocytes, while the medulla contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells.
What happens to lymph before it returns to the blood?
It is cleansed of virtually all pathogens and debris
This cleansing occurs within lymph nodes.
What are the supportive tissues and organs of the lymphatic system?
Tonsils, thymus, spleen, and Peyer’s patches
These structures assist in defending the body from unwanted materials.
Where are tonsils located?
At the beginning of the throat
They monitor for ingested or inhaled harmful materials.
What is tonsillitis?
Infection of the tonsils that may impede breathing and eating
Severe cases may require tonsil removal.
What is the primary function of the thymus?
Where immune cells learn to differentiate self-antigens from non-self antigens
This process is crucial for T cell immunocompetency.
What happens to the thymus as a person ages?
It loses its blood supply and atrophies
This affects its ability to produce competent immune cells.
What are the two regions of the spleen?
Red pulp and white pulp
Red pulp recycles red blood cells, while white pulp contains immune cells.
What is the function of red pulp in the spleen?
Recycles dying red blood cells
It is often referred to as the red blood cell graveyard.
Where are Peyer’s patches located?
At the distal end of the small intestines
They provide a defense line against harmful agents before they enter the body.
What is the immune response when unwanted material penetrates the skin?
Fever, inflammation, and phagocytosis
This response is part of the body’s defense mechanism.
What are antigens?
Protein fragments that trigger an immune response
Non-self antigens are those not produced by the person’s own cells.
What type of immunity do B cells perform?
Humoral immunity
B cells produce antibodies that tag non-self antigens.
What do memory cells allow for?
A quicker immune response to previously encountered non-self antigens
They are essential for long-term immunity.
What is the function of plasma cells?
Produce specific antibodies for non-self antigens
They are derived from B cells upon antigen recognition.
What type of immunity do T cells perform?
Cellular immunity
T cells recognize non-self antigens presented by other cells.
What is the role of T cells in the immune system?
Communicate with other cells to mount an immune response
Their recognition of antigens is crucial for effective immunity.
