Unit 6 Flashcards
What are the external nares also known as?
Nostrils
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
Supports the tongue and is involved in swallowing
What are pleural membranes?
Serous membranes that encapsulate the lungs
What is the role of the parietal pleura?
Lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs
What structures are included in the upper respiratory tract?
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
What structures are found in the lower respiratory tract?
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
What is the respiratory tree?
The branched appearance of the lower respiratory tract
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To oxygenate blood
What is the significance of the diaphragm in respiration?
It is the primary muscle of respiration
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
The palate
What are paranasal sinuses?
Hollow spaces in bone that lighten the skull and add resonance to the voice
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing
What is the thyroid cartilage?
The prominent shield-shaped structure of the larynx
What is the function of the arytenoid cartilages?
Attachment point for the vocal folds
What are the vocal folds also known as?
Vocal cords
What is the function of the false vocal folds?
Close the glottis during swallowing
What does the trachea connect?
The larynx to the bronchi
What type of cartilage makes up the trachea?
Hyaline cartilage
What are primary bronchi?
The first branches of the trachea that lead to each lung
What are secondary bronchi also called?
Lobar bronchi
What is the function of tertiary bronchi?
Conduct air to bronchopulmonary segments of lung tissue
What is the structure of bronchioles?
Smaller branches of bronchi leading to alveoli
Fill in the blank: The ________ is the opening between the vocal cords.
Glottis
True or False: The larynx is part of both the upper and lower respiratory systems.
True
What is the respiratory membrane?
The barrier between alveoli and blood for gas exchange
What is the primary role of goblet cells?
Secrete mucus to trap inhaled particles
What do the pleural cavities contain?
Pleural fluid that lubricates the lungs
What is the function of the phrenic nerve?
Controls the diaphragm
What are secondary bronchi also known as?
Lobar bronchi
They conduct air to specific lobes in each lung.
How many lobar bronchi are present in the left lung?
Two lobar bronchi
Corresponding to the two lobes of the left lung.
How many lobar bronchi are present in the right lung?
Three lobar bronchi
Corresponding to the three lobes of the right lung.
What are tertiary bronchi also referred to as?
Segmental bronchi
They conduct air to bronchopulmonary segments within each lobe.
What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
The passageway that allows air to move in and out of the lungs
No respiration occurs within this zone.
What type of cartilage is found in the walls of the conducting zone?
Hyaline cartilage
It keeps tubes rigid and patent.
What replaces hyaline cartilage in the smaller bronchial tubes?
Smooth muscle
This allows for the constriction and dilation of bronchioles.
Where does respiration occur in the respiratory system?
In the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory system.
What marks the start of the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles.
What are alveolar ducts?
Delicate passages that respiratory bronchioles divide into.
What are alveolar sacs?
Clusters of alveoli arranged around a central space.
What type of epithelium makes up the alveolar wall?
Simple squamous epithelium.
What is the function of type II alveolar cells?
To make and secrete surfactant.
What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?
Reduces the surface tension of water present in the air sacs.
What is the approximate weight of the lungs collectively?
About two pounds.
What is the hilum of the lung?
A depression on the medial aspect where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter.
What is the cardiac notch?
A depression in the left lung to accommodate the heart.
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes: superior and inferior.
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.
What are the two layers of the pleural membrane?
Parietal pleura and visceral pleura.
What is the function of pleural fluid?
To allow the lungs to expand and contract in a frictionless environment.
What is the prime mover for inhalation?
The diaphragm.
What do the right and left phrenic nerves innervate?
The diaphragm.
What happens to thoracic volume during inhalation?
It increases.
What is the role of intercostal muscles?
To assist in inhaling or forced exhalation.
What are the two types of intercostal muscles?
External intercostals and internal intercostals.
What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE).
What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
What is the histological feature of the trachea?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and hyaline cartilage.
What type of epithelium is found in bronchioles near the respiratory zone?
Simple columnar and simple cuboidal epithelium.
What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory zone?
Simple squamous epithelium.
What are the two main components of the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar wall and pulmonary capillary.
What is the purpose of the basement membrane in the respiratory membrane?
To hold the alveolar wall and pulmonary capillary together.
What type of cells are alveolar macrophages?
Immune cells that protect the body from pathogens.
