Unit 7 Flashcards
Renaissance effect on Scientific Revolution
-spirit of inquiry
-humanism
-art (realism + geometry)
-printing press
Protestant Reformation’s effect on Scientific Revolution
-challenging authority
-individualism
Age of Exploration’s effect on Scientific Revolution
-new technology -> more precise measurements
-exposure to other cultures -> cultural relatism
Geocentric theory
-Aristotle/Ptolemy
-Earth at center and everything moves around
-Pro-Christian
-references in Bible
-Earth is center because their God’s most important creation
Copernicus
-Polish astronomer
-heliocentric model
-wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Heliocentric model
-Copernicus
-Sun at center
-Contreversial:
-went against Church
Tycho Brahe
-Rudolfine Tables
Rudolfine Tables
-Tycho Brahe
-collected data that supported Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
-Took data from Brahe
-Created the Laws of Planetary Motion
Laws of Planetary Motion
-Johannes Kepler
-elliptical orbits
-showed the world is designed logically
Galileo Galilei
-ran controlled experiments
-built telescopes
-wrote Starry Messenger and On the Dialogue of the Two Chief Systems of the world
-condemned by RCC
-recanted his findings
Starry Messenger
-Galileo describing his findings with his telescope
On the Dialogue of the Two Chief Systems of the World
-Galileo
-Supported heliocentric theory
Sir Isaac Newton
-Newtonian Synthesis
-Principia Mathematica
-Law of Universal Gravitation
-Newton’s 3 laws of motion
Principia Mathematica
Where Newton presented the Law of Universal Gravitation
Newtonian world
-world works like a machine
-predictable
-works on laws
-laws found through experiments
Impacts of Newtonian world
-encouraged further discoveries
-new tech -> planning for future
Scientific Method
-Standardized approach to gain knowledge
-Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon
-Scientific Method
-used inductive reasoning and empiricism
Inductive reasoning
Specific data -> generalize
Empiricism
Observations and experiments lead to conclusions
Rene Descartes
-Deductive Reasoning
-Cartesian Dualism
-everything should be doubted until proven
-“I think therefore I am”
Deductive reasoning
General knowledge -> spefics
Cartesian Dualism
-mind vs matter
-spiritual vs physical
Scientific societies
-funded by government
-where scientists studied together
-most in France
Natural philosophers
Scientists
Enlightenment
-application of science to politics, economics, and religion
-organized nature = organized society
-rational criticism
-people taking initiative
-hope that society can progress
Treasties on Government
-John Locke
-response to English Bill of Rights
-social contract between people and government
-people consent to be governed
-government makes decisions in best interest for people
-natural rights
-people can overthrow
Leviathan
-Thomas Hobbes
-Response to English Civil War
-social contract between government and people
-people give up their right of political autonomy
-government protects people
-no limitations on an absolute ruler
Phisiocrats
Using natural philosophy for economics
What is Enlightenment?
-Immanuel Kant
-Enlightenment is when people think for themselves
-government + church thought for people
-people are lazy, so they need people to think for themselves
-use rational criticism
Rational criticism
Never take anything without questioning
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
-people are born a blank slate
-shaped by environment
-everyone born equal
-breaks social hierarchy
-education important
-only wealthy men could access
Philosophes
-French enlightened thinkers
-Anti-absolutist
-restricted individualism
-Anti-monarchy
-wanted more power to the people
-Anti-Church
-Deism
-pro-religious tolerance
-anti-popular/elitist
-most uneducated
Salons
-Where philosophes met
-private homes because of censorship
Salonniere
Wealthy women who hosted salons
Deism
-Supreme being
-created to make order in the world
-Newtonian
Critical and Historical Dictionary
-Pierre Bayle
-skepticism
The Persian Letters
-Baron de Montesquieu
-double meanings to get around censorship
Spirit of the Laws
-Baron de Montenequieu
-separation of powers
-prevent tyranny and promote liberty
-system of checks and balances
Voltaire
-defender of free speech and religious toleration
-wrote to criticize things he did not agree with
-crushing intolerance, tyranny, hypocracy, fanaticism, and superstition
-enlightened despotism
Philosophical Dictionary
-Voltaire’s thoughts on subjects such as:
-religion
-genie story
-love thy neighbor
-Christians are hypocrites because they are intolerant
-tolerance
-Christians should be most tolerant, but they are not
-intolerance leads to war
Enlightened despotism
-Voltaire
-monarchs should be bound with reason
Beccaria
-legal equality
-punishment for crime based on damage instead of how sinful
-On Crimes and Punishment
-opposed death penalty and torture
-influenced enlightened despots
On Crimes and Punishment
-Beccaria
-legal equality
-punishment fitting the crime
David Hume
-desire governed human behavior
-human ideas influenced by sensory experiences
-human thinking is limited
-focus on what we can experience on Earth
Paul d’Holbach
-atheist
-materialism
-System of Nature
System of Nature
-Paul d’Holbach
-materialism
-determinism
-God is apart of imagination
Materialism
-Paul d’Holbach
-everything is made of matter and motion
Determinism
-Paul d’Holbach
-people are determined by outside forces
Progress of the Human Mind
-Jean-Marie de Condorcet
-people evolve to be better
On the Origin of Inequality Among Men
-Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-civilization was the source of evil
-people were instinctually good, but corrupted by society
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-believed on relying on instincts and feelings over logic
-women were naturally mothers
-wrote On the Origin of Inequality Among Men, Emile, The Social Contract, and The New Heloise
Emile
-natural education
-children should learn by natural curiosity and experiences
-women don’t need education
-only valuable for raising children
The New Heloise
-celebrated simple lives in nature
-inspired wealthy women to role play as poor
The Social Contract
-common men enslaved to government and property class
-didn’t represent common people
-governments are needed to form order
-social contract between the people to find general wil
-individual will less important than general will
-advocated for participatory democracy
-not always majority
-didn’t explain how to find general will
Mary Wollstonecraft
-Vindication of the Rights of Women
-promoted educational and political equality for women
Vindication of the Rights of Women
-attacked Rousseau
-women defined by biology
-mothers
-weak and dumb
-women being controlled by men is the same as absolute leaders controlling people
-Enlightened thinkers fought absolutism
-women are as intellectually capable as men
Mary Astell
Believed women can’t compete with men because they have not been equipped with the same resources
Encyclopedie
-Denis Diderot
-recorded works from philosophes
-compiled for education
Maria Theresa
-Austrian leader
-daughter of Charles VI
-mother of Joseph II
-traditionalist
Joseph II
-Austrian Enlightened Despot
-Son of Maria Theresa
-“Peasant King”
-abolished torture
-helped poor
-ended serfdom
-religiously tolerant
-too radical
-alienating
-took away noble power
-peasants
-not used to society
-RCC
-Hapsburgs were Catholics
-used Church land to help poor
Leopold II
-brother and successor of Joseph II
-overturned Joseph II’s reforms
Frederick II
-Prussian Enlightened Despot
-got rid of torture
-supported Voltaire
-public education
-limited religous tolerance
-anti-Semitic
-limited reforms
-wanted to increase power by military expansion
-needed Junker support
Catherine the Great
-Russian Enlightened Despot
-originally German princess
-married Peter III
-planned military takeover with boyars
-Peter III abdicates an is assassined
-expands empire into Causcauses and Crimea
-funded Diderot’s Encyclopedia
-codified laws
-funded public schools
-first girls school
-promoted Enlightened culture
-wanted to free serfs, but made it stronger
-Cossack rebellion
-needed boyar approval
-made serfdom stronger
-pale of settlement
Peter III
-married to Catherine the Great
-abdicated throne after Catherine the Great’s takeover with Boyars
Pale of Settlement
-Catherine the Great
-Pushing Jews into Pale
War of Austrian Succession
-Frederick II seized Silesia
-violated Pragmatic Sanctions
-need in Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
-ended War of Austrian Succession
-Prussia gained Silesia
Seven Years’ War
-Maria Theresa wants Silesia
-Austria, Russia, and France want to conquer Prussia
-England supported Prussia
-Caused French-Indian War
-Ended in Treaty of Paris (1763)
Treaty of Paris (1763)
-Ended Seven Years War
-France had to give colonial territory to England
-Prussia retained Silesia
