Middle Ages Flashcards
Economic system tied to feudalism where serfs worked for lords on manors
Manorialism
Event that was a turning point to the Middle Ages
Fall of the Roman Empire
What did the Fall of the Roman Empire cause?
Political decentralization
System of government where there are lords and vassals
Feudalism
Aristocrats
Nobles
Served lords, but are still nobles
Vassals
Sworn loyalty to a lord
Fealty
Land given to a vassal from a lord
Fief
Way that knights lived
Chivalry
Primary lord for a knight
Liege lord
King of England who:
- led the Norman conquest
-wrote the domesday book
-vassal to Huge Capet
William of Normandy / William I
Census that allowed William of Normandy to collect taxes
Domesday book
King of England who:
- conflicted with Thomas Becket
- married to Eleanor of Aquitaine
Henry II
Archbishop of Canterbury who was killed by the knights of Henry II
Thomas Becket
King of England who:
- signed the Magna Carta
John I / John the Softsword
Document that limits the power of the king
Magna Carta
King of France who:
- started the Capetian Dynasty
Huge Capet
Married to Henry II
Eleanor of Aquitaine
King of France who:
- conquered more territory than his nobles
Philip Augustus
Holy Roman Emperor who:
- was the first emperor
Charlemagne
Holy Roman Emperor who:
- had conflict with Pope Gregory VII
Henry IV
Holy Roman Emperor who:
- wants to take over Italian city-states rather than rule over German nobles
Frederick Barbossa
New merchant class/middle class
Bourgeoise
Trade associations
Guilds
Church officials
Clergy
Highest authority in the Church
Pope
Missions sponsored by Church to reclaim the Holy Land away from Infidels/Muslims
Crusades
Pope superior to all
Papal supremacy
Nobility gave Church positions out
Lay Investure
Pope who had conflict with Henry IV and removed him after the end of Lay Investure
Gregory VII
Ended Lay Investure
Concordat of Worms
Monks living away from society
Monasticism
Rules monks needed to live by
Benedictine Rules
Architecture style:
- dark, short buildings
Romanesque style
Architecture style:
- ribbed vaulting
- flying buttresses
- stained glass
Gothic style
External support for Gothic style
Flying butresses
Poets
Troubadours
Movement that stressed using logic to support a truth
Scholasticism
Well known Scholastic
Peter Abelard
Scholastic who wrote Summa Theologica
Thomas Aquinas
Time where temperatures decreased and storms increased
Little Ice Age
Effect of climate change
Great Famine
- increased disease because of environment and weakened immune systems
- decreased population because of migration
Effects of the Great Famine
spread of the plague
Mongol empire -> Silk Road -> Genoese ships in Black Sea -> Sicily + Florence
Boils filled with puss
Bubos
- Wrote the Decameron
Giovanni Boccaccio
- Weakened government
- People turned for clergy for support
Political impacts of the Plague
Economic effects of the Plague
- Decrease of serfdom
- Increase of wages
Repented extremely in public
Flaggellent
Infected fleas bit rats and people
Cause of the plague
- punishment from God
- imbalance of fluids
- toxins in the air
- Jews poisoning wells
Perceived causes of the Plague
Increased immediately because Clergy stayed behind, but then decreased over time
Status of the Church
Jews being persecuting for being more wealthy
Scapegoating
Angevin
English kingdom
Capetian
French kingdom
Modern day Belgium. Luxembourg, and Netherlands
Low country
- fief to France
- in wool trade with England
Flanders
Aquitaine given to England as a fief
Treaty of Paris 1259
Philip VI seized Aquitaine
Territorial dispute that causes One Hundred Year War
Last Capetian king
Charles IV
Nephew of Charles IV
Edward III
Law stating that no woman or her heir could inherit the French throne
Salic Law
Sister of Charles IV
Isabella
Who French nobles chose to be their king
Philip VI
Allied themselves with France to invade England
Scotland
Allied themselves with England to maintain power
Dukes of Burgundy
Allied themselves with France as an act of featy
Flemish lords’ position on Hundred Years’ war
Allied themselves with England due to trade
Flemish merchants
- war taught of French soil
- advanced military technology
English advantage in the Hundred Year War
- long bow
- cannons
English military technology
Had visions from saints telling her that:
- the English need to be kicked out of France
- Charles VII needed to be crowned king
Joan of Arc
- Captured by Burgundians
- sold to England
- held for random
- Charles VII refused to pay
- England gives her to the Church
- tried for heresy and witch craft
- burnt at stake
Death of Joan of Arc
Next in line for a thrown
Dauphin
- Dauphin of France during the Hundred Years War
- betrays Joan of Arc
Charles VII
- farm land destroyed
- trade disruption
Economic effects of the Hundred Years’ War
- rise of representative assemblies
- increased nationalism due to propaganda
political effects of the hundred years’ war
- English Parliament
- German Diets
- Spanish Courts
- French Estates General
representative democracies
- cannons were expensive
- only central governments could afford
- rise in national armies
military effect that led to the decline of feudalism
People who believe in the Catholic Church
Lay people/laity
Laity -> priests -> Bishops -> Archbishops -> Cardinals -> Pope -> God
Clerical Hierarchy
Pope who:
- Issued the Unam Sanctum
- Conflicted with King Philip IV
Pope Boniface VIII
Temporal
Worldly
King of France who:
- conflicted with Pope Boniface VIII
King Philip IV
Papal bull that stated:
- Spiritual power was to be handled by the Church
- Temporal power handled by kings, but only in a way that the Church allowed
Unam Sanctum
Sends people to attack and kidnap Pope Boniface VIII
King Philip IV’s response to the Unam Sanctum
Period of time where Popes lived in Avignon instead of Rome
Babylonian Captivity
- authority questioned because they were influenced by French kings
- Popes lived materialistic lives
Decline in papal prestige during the Babylonian Captivity
Time where there was two Popes
The Great Schism
Italian Pope who:
- was chosen during the Great Schism
- called out corrupt officials
Pope Urban VI
French Pope who:
- Was chosen by nobles to counter Pope Urban VI
Pope Clement VII
Decreased because laity did not know who to believe
Papal prestige during Great Schism
- England supported because they are enemies of France
- Holy Roman Empire supported because they have close ties to these Popes
Urban VI supporters
- France supported because pope was in Avignon
- Scotland supported because they were allied with France
- Spain supported because of geography
Supporters of Clement VII
Believed in separation between Church and State
William of Occam
- Wrote the Defensor Pacis
- Believed that State should be above the Church
Marsiglio of Padua
Council made of lay people and the clergy that make decisions
Conciliar movement
Failed council that tried to end the Great Schism, but ended up with three popes
Council of Pisa
Final resolution of the Great Schism which picked a new Pope
Council of Constance
Founded the lollards
John Wycliffe
People who believed that the Scripture should hold all the power in Catholicism
Lollards
Lollard who spread the beliefs to Czech/Bohemia
Jan Hus
Groups of people who did Church and community services
Confraternities
Spiritual events that bring people closer to God
Mysticism